l8 FODDER AND PASTURE PLANTS. 



up the superficial roots and the overground parts of the plants, 

 wliich parts, when ploughed down, added this material to the surface 

 soil. There is no doubt that plant food is removed from the subsoil 

 and stored in the upper parts of the plants and that the above ex- 

 planation should be considered. But the soil-enriching faculty of 

 leguminous plants is connected with phenomena that render this 

 explanation insufficient. Generally Alfalfa will not thrive on soil 

 where it has never been grown before. The plants soon stop growth, 

 turn yellow and finally die. If, however, some soil from an old 

 Alfalfa field is sown on the land, a crop will be produced without 

 any trouble. If the plants are examined, it will be found that the 

 roots of those grown on old Alfalfa soil are provided with numerous 

 nodules, whereas the roots of weak plants on virgin soil are destitute 

 of them. Only quite recently have the origin and significance of 

 these tubercles been understood. It has been proved that they are 

 a kind of gall produced by certain bacteria. These bacteria live in 

 the ground, attack the root hairs, break through their thin walls, 

 and make their way to the interior of the root branches. There 

 they propagate rapidly, forming masses within the nodules. Later 

 on, most of the bacteria decompose and are used by the plants, 

 which thus obtain additional food. As the bacteria are very rich in 

 nitrogenous substances, the source of which is the air contained in 

 the porous soil, leguminous plants are able to secure, indirectly through 

 the bacteria, their nitrogen from the air. They are therefore able to 

 accumulate nitrogen without robbing the soil and, when dying, to 

 leave a supply of nitrogenous substances for succeeding crops. 



When soil from land where Alfalfa, for instance, has been suc- 

 cessfully grown is put on a field, that field is supplied with the bacteria 

 necessary for the development of Alfalfa. The amount needed is 

 not large, two hundred pounds being sufficient for an acre. Instead 

 of soil from old fields, artificial cultures of bacteria are now available 

 at many botanical laboratories. These cultures, with directions for 

 their use, are on sale in bottles at a low price. 



Nodule-forming bacteria are necessary for the proper development 

 of all kinds of leguminous plants. But this does not mean that 

 bacteria which will serve for a certain plant will satisfy another kind. 

 On the contrary, there are different species and races of nodule- 

 forming bacteria, and each species or race is able to produce nodules 

 only on a certain kind of leguminous plant. Thus the bacteria 

 which work on the roots of Red Clover are different from those 

 which produce nodules on the roots of Alfalfa and are quite unable 

 to benefit the latter plant. In using artificial cultures of nodule- 

 bacteria therefore, care should be taken to procure the right kind. 



