INDEX. 
feathers and song, 77; lining for 
nests, 198 (see CRESTS and PLUMEs). 
Feeding habits, of young, 130 et seq.; 
of adults, 136 et seg. ; affected by 
tool and environment, 147. 
Feet, ornamented. 46; modified for 
feeding, 138; of birds of prey, 
141; of reptiles and vultures, 142 ; 
of osprey, 143 ; as rudders in pen- 
guins, 170; identifying by, 213 etseq. 
Felting, 113. 
Female, antics of, 45, 69, 70, 72; 
armed and ornamented, 51; colors 
of, primitive and changed by nest- 
ing habits, 51, 108; responding in 
courtship, 70-72; not incubating, 
88; building solely, 88; singing 
after bereavement, 92. 
Fibula, degenerate, 167. 
Fieldfare, 158. 
Finches, beak lengthened, 44 ; pur- 
ple, regurgitating, 132; on border 
of crow group, 151; feeding habits 
of, 151 ; nest lining of, 198. 
Finfoot, carrying young, 134; kin- 
ship of, 204. 
Fireflies, as nest ornament, 108 ; sig- 
nal mates, 27. 
Flamingo, neck, beak, and feeding 
habits, 139; illustrated on, 218 ; 
identifying, 217. 
Flapping, fluttering, in sudden ris- 
ing, 171; shape of wing and, 174, 
75. 
Flesh eaters, teeth and gizzard of, 
136. 
Flicker, rump spot on, 55; courting 
antics, of 70, 72, 85; not fighting, 
65; regurgitating for young, 132 ; 
feeding on ground, 149; merging 
of species, 187; habits, 241, 242; 
mustache in spots on, 246, 
Flight, before birds, by skin, 2; by 
feathers, 3, 14; in aspirations of 
lizards, 3; and weight, 19; and 
bare tracts, 24; from moment of 
hatching, 29, 40, 126 ; and feathers, 
34; sounds of, as a signal, 57 ; un- 


255 
der water, 139, 153; noiseless in 
Owls, 142; while eating, 143; and 
wing shape, 171; soaring, 179; 
and migration, 174; how effected, 
174, 175. 
Flight quills, basis of plumage, 19; 
shape, number, ete., 175, 176. 
Flyeatchers, crested habits, 114; va- 
riation of eggs of, 119 ; feeding and 
bristles of, 151. 
Flying lizards, 3, 8. 
Fly lines, 184. 
Flocking birds, and odor, 75; and 
altruistic calls and marks of, 53-57. 
Follicles, 28; feather pockets, origin 
of, 31 ; injured and twisted plumes, 
etc., 41. 
Food, and color of bird, 41 ; of eggs, 
119 ; and migration, 177. 
Fossils. See Archeopteryx, Hespe- 
rornis, Ichthyornis, Moas, PrEn- 
GUINS, etc. 
Fowl forms, and bare tracts, 23; beak 
of (ill.), 223. 
Fowls, sense of smell in, 76 mere 
markings of recent. 121 ; motherly 
care in, 133 ; seratching, 137 ; short 
wings of, 169; kinship of, 202, 203; 
identifying, 222, 223. 
Fraying of feather tips and color, 40, 
42. 
Frogs (toads), arboreal, 8 ; breathing 
by skin, 18 ; tadpole state of, hur- 
ried up, 40. 
Fruit and sex selection, 48, 49. 
Gallinee (fowls), 223. 
Gallinules, feeding habits, 139 ; hab- 
its of young, 197. 
Gape, in feeding, 151 ; in identifica- 
tion, 223-228. 
Garden bird, use of bright things in 
charming, 50, 200. 
Geography and birds, 186-188. 
Gizzard, 136. 
Glass, for observing birds, 232; nest 
of, 104. 
Gnatcatchers, ornamenting nest, 107. 
