( 21 1 



Hiorn for (lie resident pojmlafion. Thus, the mountain 

 harbel, Oi-ciiuis, oft(Mi erroneously lermeda "trout," because 

 it is sometimes spotted Avith red, the Oreinus sinuatiis is 

 common in many of the Himalayan rivers ; fishes of this 

 ijenns possess a sucker on the lower jaw behind its broad 

 moutli, by means of which it is able to adhere to rocks, and 

 prevent its being swept away down stream ; it is taken as 

 high as Kulu, even to 5 or G,000 feet elevation, and is 

 common in the Ussuu River, not above 4 or 5 miles froiu 

 Simla. Also another small carp, Discognathns, exists in 

 these elevated regions throughout the year (it is also found 

 in the plains), and is furnished with a sucker in samo 

 situation as in Oreinus. As migratory hill carps, may bo 

 classed those whicli breed in the hills, but descend to the 

 rivers of the plains, where they reside during the cold and 

 drier months of the year, when the small hill streams would 

 be unsnited for their residence, re-ascending to the base of 

 the hills diu'ing the hot months, and, if possil^le, ascending uj) 

 the rivers into the Sub-Himalayan range, or those of other 

 hills, as of the Nilghiris or the Western Ghats, with the first 

 burst of the monsoon. 



XXXVII. Amongst the car^'is of the plains arc a very 

 Cnrps of the rilling. Jiiprn- largc and varied number of forms, 

 imy 01- non-migratory species. soiuc of whicli arc migratory, otlicrs 

 not so ; these migrations are mostly cfTected for breeding 

 ])ur[)oses, and generally take place during the S. "VV. monsoon, 

 but a few do so during the N. E. ; but many of these latter 

 are fish re-ascending towards their breeding-grounds to bo 

 readj' for the S. W. monsoon of the succeeding year. The 

 numbers and varieties of these carps of the plains show as 

 great a difference as was remarked upon in the siluroids 

 (para. XXX). Commencing with Southern India, thero 

 are innumeralile small species of carps in the plains, but a 

 paucity of largo ones. This is not merely duo to the 

 universal slaughter which obtains there, but is also partly a 

 consequence of smaller rivers and a hotter climate. As the 

 Masulij)atam District or the Kistna or Tambudra Eivcrs 

 are reached, larger varieties of this sub-family come to notice ; 

 many large Labeos and the Calla, unrecorded as existing 

 inrfher south, as towards Madras, can now be taken. 

 AVhilst in the rivers skirting the base of the Nilghiris, as 

 those along the Western or Malabar Coast, very largc species 

 of barbels, termed mahaseers, become apparent. The finest 

 car[)S, as in the genera Lubco, Cirrhina, Calla, and the 



