( 22 ) 



siib-genns Barbodes in Barbtis, nre mostly found in the larger 

 rivers or pieces of water, Avhilst the latter are commonly 

 perceived in those affluents of the Indus, Ganges and 

 Brahmaputra, and other rivers that are uear the bases of 

 hills. 



XXXVIII. The herring family, Cliipeidce, furnishes 

 Herring iVm.iiy. Migratory cxamijlcs of botli migratory aiid 

 mid uon-migratory forms. nou-migratory forms to the frcsh- 



\l waters of India, some being marine which ascend rivers 

 solely for breeding purposes, whilst others are strictly fresh- 

 water and non-migratory, generally breeding in tanks. 

 The migratori/ herrings are those which ascend large rivers 

 from the sea for the purpose of breeding in fresh-water, 

 the most important of which is the shad, Clupea palusah, 

 known also as the Ililsa or Ilisha, the Palasah of the Telingis, 

 the Ulum of the Tamils, the Pulla of the Indus, the Nga- 

 tha-louk of the Bui'mese, and the sable fish of the Europeans 

 in Madras. There seem to be two classes of this fish 

 lA hicli ascend the large rivers : those below one year of age, 

 and which do not appear to breed, or if they do, it is at the 

 very eud of the year, or commencement of the succeeding 

 one; secondly, there are those which breed at the commence- 

 ment of, or during the monsoon. In the Oauveri and 

 Coleroon these fish ascend with the first burst of the S. W. 

 monsoon, and continue cfoing so the four succeeding months, 

 but in diminished quantities, some evidently being later 

 breeders or younger fish. In the Kistna, which has a great 

 velocity, the freshes commence in June and continue luitil 

 the end of October, after which the river subsides, but 

 it docs not become fordable until the middle or end of 

 January. A few of these fishes arrive at the end of Septem- 

 ber, but it is not until the middle of October and the two 

 following months that their main body appears to ascend, 

 whilst they disappear by April. It is only when the rapidity 

 with which the Kistna flows during the freshes commences 

 to subside that they arrive in large numbers. In the neigh- 

 bouring river, the Godaveri, which has a less rapid current 

 than the Kistna, the fish ascend earlier, being most 

 numerous from July to September, when the fishermen believe 

 they migrate to the Kistna. In the IToogli they continue 

 ascending throughout the S. W. monsoon, and many are 

 found to be still full of roe in September. Mr. Blauford 

 has observed them at Mandalay in Upper Burma at 

 the end of the year. In Sind, tliis fish ascends from the 



