ORIGIN OF LAKE SALMON. 139 



the fresh waters, the more so since there are so many instances — such as the Stormont- 

 field ponds in England — where it has been confined for years without apparent detri- 

 ment. The "Land-locked" or "Fresh-water" salmon, known also in the Saguenay region 

 as "Winninish", in the Shubenacadie and other rivers of Western Nova Scotia as the 

 "Grayling", and in different parts of Maine, as "Schoodic Trout", "Sebago Trout", or 

 "Dwarf Salmon", probably never visit salt water, finding ample food and exercise in 

 the lakes and large rivers. In some regions in Maine and New Brunswick their access 

 to salt water is cut off by dams, and some investigators have claimed that Land-locked 

 salmon did not exist there until these obstructions were built, some fifty years ago. This 

 hypothesis, however, is not necessary, for in the Saguenay the Winninish have easy, 

 unobstructed access to the sea. The salmon of Lake Ontario and its tributaries are not 

 thought to enter salt water, and there are similar instances of land-locking in the lakes 

 of northern [?] Sweden.' 



In 1884, in answer to a question by Prof. Goode, at a meeting of the American Fish- 

 Cultural Society, Atkins (1884a, p. 55-56) said: T do not think we have any evidence 

 that the land-locking of the species under consideration has occurred during recent 

 geological periods. There is nothing at present to prevent any of these salmon from 

 going to sea from any of those waters where they are now found. There are obstructions 

 to their coming back, if they once went to the sea, and these same obstructions would 

 hinder the sea salmon having access to the upper waters where the land-locked now Live. 

 It is possible that at some very remote period there were obstacles which prevented their 

 descending to the sea. I think it possible, also, that the change in their habits and in- 

 stincts occurred gradually.' 



It was previously mentioned that aU of the original salmon lakes, with the exception 

 perhaps of Lake Ontario, are inhabited by smelts. But not aU lakes inhabited by smelts 

 contain salmon. In New England these smelt waters are in close proximity to the inland 

 marine clay deposits, which suggests that the smelt may have been one of the factors 

 concerned in the 'landlocking' of the salmon. 



The Salmon and Trout Magazine, No. 41, October, 1925, p. 309, in 'Editorial Notes' 

 says: 'At this year's meeting of the British Association, at Southhampton, Mr. C. Tate 

 Regan, as President of the Zoological Section delivered an address on the subject of 

 evolution, illustrated by instances from the Ufe history of char, upon which, as some of 

 our readers are well aware, Mr. Tate Regan is the greatest living authority. Char, 

 it will be remembered, are believed to have been originally a migratory species, ascending 

 and descending from sea to river as do our salmon and sea-trout, and as char do still at 

 the northern part of their range in the Arctic. But after the last glacial age, with the 

 receding of the ice northwards, the sea water in the Mediterranean and northwards 

 became too warm for char; they could no longer descend and return, and thus became 

 landlocked, remaining now only in lakes, usually but not always deep and with cold 

 water. There each community has been shut up, apart from the others, for thousands of 

 years, and many of these communities, apparently owing to differences in the environ- 

 ment provided by the lake which each inhabits, have developed structural differences 



