142 KENDALL: NEW ENGLAND SALMONS. 



self-evident that the lakes now inhabited by the lake salmon were not inhabitable by 

 any fish until long after the ice sheet had receded. In fact most of the lakes were the result 

 of the glaciation. 



In North America, it is said, the post-glacial sea extended up the St. Lawrence and 

 included Lake Ontario and Lake Champlain. But so far as known there was nothing to 

 prevent salmon ascending into those lakes in more recent years. Their recent occurrence 

 there was not necessarily associated with the inland extension of marine conditions. The 

 same may be said, perhaps, of Lake St. John. The occurrence of the ouananiche in 

 other waters of that same drainage is not remarkable, but if it has extended its range 

 into other more eastern drainages, it would seem that it must have been by the way of 

 inter-communicating inland waterways, as suggested by Dr. Low, for it hardly seems 

 possible that a cataract like Grand or McLean Falls could ever have been surmountable 

 in any post-glacial time. 



All of the original landlocked salmon lakes were in close proximity to the inland 

 extension of the sea, so close indeed, that sea water may have extended into them. 

 However, none of the lakes inhabited by the salmon was obstructed by impassible falls 

 at any time. Many other lakes, earUer or later, became accessible but apparently were 

 not occupied by the salmon. This appears significant from the fact that as previously 

 mentioned, some of them appear to be suited to the salmon, as evinced by results of 

 artificial stocking. It seems probable that the reason they were not naturally stocked 

 was due to the fact that at the time the salmon lakes were first occupied by salmon, 

 other lakes were still unfavorable and, assuming that the salmon had become adapted 

 to certain conditions, later natural stocking was prevented by intervening unfavorable 

 conditions. This view receives support from the fact that although all of the rivers 

 of Maine, in fact all of any considerable size in New England, have been ascended 

 by sea salmon until prevented by man-made obstructions, and no landlocking has taken 

 place. 



It has been stated that all lakes inhabited by lake salmon also contained smelt, ex- 

 cepting perhaps Lake Ontario, and possibly it once existed there. But there are many 

 lakes inhabited by smelt, some of them above waterfalls and rapids at present im- 

 passible by any fish from below. There are 'landlocked' chars in water not now ac- 

 cessible from the sea, as Regan stated. A few are found in New England, particularly 

 New Hampshire and Maine, and many in Canada. In fact we find in certain inland 

 waters, both associated with the salmon and in waters containing no salmon, species 

 similar to those named by Nordquist as rehcs of the Yoldia Sea, i.e., coregonids, smelts, 

 sticklebacks, etc. This fact indicates that similar conditions existed in both countries 

 when these fish were distributed. The chars, smelts, and sticklebacks are undoubtedly 

 of marine origin, and they were doubtless landlocked prior to the salmon. In other 

 words the salmon were the last to reach the region of recent occurrence. 



This is in accordance with a previously stated zone theory (p. 11); also it is in accord 

 with 'Jordan's Law' (1929, p. ix) which is: 'Given any species in any region, its nearest 

 related (geminate or twin) form is not to be found in the same region or in any remote 



