132 BRITISH FRESH-WATER FISHES 
will certainly carry away the tackle, unless there be means of 
giving him line. 
It is for this and other reasons that Mr. Wheeley recom- 
mends a ten-foot rod with deal butt, cane centre, and solid 
heavy top of lancewood or greenheart. The significance of 
the last provision arises out of the peculiar style of Nottingham 
fishing, which, indeed, is a beautiful craft. It consists of 
allowing a light quill float to carry the bait a great distance 
down-stream, by means of a light-running winch and fine, 
greased running line. He who would “hit” a roach thirty 
yards away, must be equipped with a rod powerful enough in 
the top to strike that length of line instantaneously off the 
water. Some anglers insist upon using single horsehair next 
the hook; but there are master hands who reckon this an 
unnecessary refinement, and are satisfied with fine drawn, or 
even the finest undrawn, gut. 
The favourite baits are gentles, paste, or boiled wheat ; 
worms are effective at times ; at others, roach may be taken 
by dapping on the surface with a grasshopper or large fly. 
The Rudd (Leuciscus erythroghthalmus) 
Fins. TEETH. 
Dorsal: to to 12 rays. Pharyngeal, distinctly 
Anal; 13 to 15 rays. serrated. None on 
Pectoral: 15 or 16 rays. vomer or tongue. 
Ventral: 9 or £0 rays. 
Caudal: 17 rays. 
The rudd is so like the roach in general appearance, size, 
and habits, that it often gets that name; but, besides a dif- 
ference in coloration, there is one constant feature which 
distinguishes the two species. In the roach, a vertical line 
dropped from the front of the dorsal fin will intersect the 
ventral fin, or, at any rate, fall close behind it ; whereas in 
the rudd a line so drawn will pass a considerable distance 
