TAl'lLK). By Dr. K. .Iocda.v. -2:3 



Aristolochia-Papilios serve as models. In some cases only tlie ?, or one of the ?-forms, is mimetic. Anions^ 

 the American Fhited-Papilios are found a number of powerfully built species with the costal margin of the 

 forewing dentate. We find something similar in the o^'?^ of the Indo -Australian Pierid genus Prionrrh, and 

 in the Nymphalid genera Charaxea , Evlcph, EiLniHfhc and Pal/<(, which are all Old World insects. The 

 dentition of the costal margin of these buttertlies is evidently a phenomenon accompanying the strengthening 

 of the margin, which is closely related to the acquisition of a strong flight. 



Sexual dimorphism is very conunon among the Fluted -Papilios; as a rule one ?-form resembles 

 the cf, whilst the othei' is mimetic. .Sharph- pronounced seasonal dimorphism is not observed among the 

 American Fluted -Papilios, yet in the few North American forms which belong here, the buttertlies which 

 emerge from the hibernated pupae are generally smaller and more hairy than the summer brood, showing 

 also slight differences in the markings. The trimorphism in both sexes of P. jiuli/.reurs and /'. hnirdi is 

 very note-worthy. 



Machaon-Group. 



The species of the uiiii/i(i(iii-irvoui) have ringed larvae, which live on Umbelliferae, partly also on Artemisia. 



P. polyxenes. Abdomen black, dotted with yellow. Palpi yellow. The posterior yellow s|)ots of 

 the discal band of the forewing remote from the cell, the discal liand sometimes wanting. Geographically 

 and individually very variable. The earlier stages very similar to those of P. machaon. The forms of 

 North and Central America tly like /'. machaon in cultivated districts, over meadows and fields covered with 

 flowering fodder-plants, especially clover, at little distance from the ground. The South American tonns 

 only occur at considerable elevations. We have here the same phenomenon which we observe in Asia of 

 P. machaon, which is likewise a high mountain species south of the Himalayas, in North-East India, Sikkim 

 and Burma. — americus KoH. (^ sadalus Luc.) occurs in three varieties. In the form melasma P. <{: J. amerims. 

 (8a) the yellow band on the wings is very much narrowed, sometimes reduced to a small spot, whilst in "'ehrsina. 

 the true americus Koll. the band is broad, especially on the hindwing; the pale yellow area on the under- 

 side of the hindwing not seldom reaches to the base. The black form lives especially in the Gauca Valley, 

 Golombia, but also occui's elsewhere together with the ordinarj' form. Venezuela, Colombia, Ecuador and 

 North Peru, occurring only at considerable heights, found up to about 8()(K) m. — stabilis P. & J., very stabilis. 

 similar to the usual amerkus form, always with a broad yellow band, the last spot of the band of the 

 forewing shorter than in americns, the band on the hindwing beneath sharply defined at the basal side. 

 Costa Rica to Panama, common at a height of 1000 to 1300 ni. — asterius (')■. (= asterias /'.) is in some 

 districts very variable, in others pretty constant. The o'" is much more variable tlian the ?. We distinguish 

 three principal forms of the cf, which are connected by intermediate stages and occur all three together in 

 many districts, o'^-f. asterius CV. has a macular band which traverses the extremity of the cell of the asterius. 

 hindwing. Specimens with almost pure white spots on the upper surface are ab. semialba Ehrm. The cf-f. semialba. 

 asterius occurs from New England to South Mexico. The second variety is cf-f. curvifascia •'Skinii. from curvifascia. 

 Mexico and Guatemala; in this the band of the hindwing is placed outside the cell and is almost uniformly 

 curved. The most striking form is the o^-f. ampliata Mea. (^ asterioides Peak.), in which the band is ainplintn. 

 broken up into small spots, which are often jiartly absent from the forewing. This black form is common 

 in West Mexico, but also tlies singl\- in East Mexico, and one specimen has been bred in Colorado. The ? 

 of asterius is much less variable. A few striking aberrations of both sexes have been named: in al). 

 calverleyi Grote the submarginal spots are verj- strongly enlarged and merged into a broad band: in ab. catverleyi. 

 alunata Hkinn. & Aar. on the contrai-y the submarginal spots on the hindwing are very small and bluish. — ahinata. 

 polyxenes F. (8 a). The ? resemliles the c^, the band of the hindwing is on the whole somewhat hvodiAvv polyxenes. 

 than in cf-f. asterius. Cuba. — brevicauda Sauncl. (= mediocauda Einier). Sexes similar to one another, brevicauda. 

 wings broad and short, outer margin of the forewing somewhat rounded. Inhabits Newfoundland, Anticosti 

 and the districts adjoining the lower course and the estuary of the St. Lawrence River; June to August: 

 the larva on parsley and other Unrbelliferae near the coast and the river. 



P. bairdi Edw. Either similar to /'. machaon, but the anal ocellus with black pupil, or similar to 

 P. polyxenes, or standing between the two in its markings. These three forms, which occur together in 

 Colorado, are: f. oregonia K(hc. (= brucei Edw.) (8a), ///(/cAao/z-like, known from (Colorado, Oregon, oregonin. 

 Washington Territory, West Canada and British Columbia. The second form, which is known from Utah, 

 Colorado and Arizona, is f. hollandi Edw.; the abdomen is ;«ffr/(rto/i-Iike, whilst the wings resemble those holUmdi. 

 of the following form. In f. bairdi Edw. (= utahensis Streck.) (8a), which is found in Arizona, Colorado I'n/rdi. 

 and Utah, the black abdomen is spotted. The identity of the three forms has been established by breeding. 

 Such non-seasonal trimorphism in both sexes is rare. The butterfly tlies in Colorado together with 

 P. polyxenes asterius, and in Oregon and further north with P. zelicaon, but the insects are independent of 

 one another. Whilst the larvae of the allied species feed on Umbelliferae, those of P. bairdi live on a 

 Composite (Artemisia); the larvae of all these butterflies are very similar to one another. 



