PARNASSIUS. By H. Stichel. 47 



weatly, sometimes more strongly expressed, occasionally a stroni^er l)lack spot in the hindmarginal area, 

 the costal spots also quite black, more copiously dotted with red or white; on the hindwing the anal spot 

 in individual instances more distinct and near the margin sometimes some blackisli spots. In the ?S, i)arti- 

 culary those from high lying localities, more copious black marking and partial darkening of the wliite 

 ground-colour are of no uncommon occurrence, also in both sexes individuals often occur with yeliowisli 

 instead of red ocelli, which are usually referred to belirii (see further l^elow). But this name must be 

 reserved for the Western race of tlie species. Specimens without red on the up])er surface, in which eveu 

 the ocelli (if t1ie hindwing are reduced to black spcits, are usually called alx >i<<litl:<>rii Mt'n. Tliis is, 

 however, an Asiatic form of /'. pliorh/o! F. and the name has been I'ejilaced by ali. mendica Sfi<-li. nwudica^ 



The egg is semisplierical, somewhat depressed at tiie top, tlie u|iper surface tliickly granulated, the 

 colour ivory white with a faint gieenish tint. Development variaijle, some eggs yield the larvae in the 

 same year, others hibernate. The young larva is nearly cylindrical, of black colour, tlie body covered with 

 small hairy tubercles. When fuhgrown it attains a lengtii of i:-} — -2.5 mm (0,!t — 1,1 inch), tlie ground- 

 colour is then black-brown, brown on tiie underside and the legs, the body covered witli slioit stiff hairs 

 and mai'ked with 4 rows of yellow, sometimes winte spots; it has a fork-shaped, eversible yellowish gland 

 in the neck; the head is broad, witii impressed suture, of lilack colour. Pupa cylindrical, slout, about 

 15 mm (0,6 inch) long, the ujiper surface finely granulated, of yellow-brown colour witii greenish reflection. 

 When the larva is about to pupate it draws a leaf or several leaves togetlier into a sort of cocoon by 

 some silken tlu-eads, but pupae luue also been found on llie gi-ounil under pieces of wood without a trace 

 of a cocoon. Duration of the pupal stage uid<nown. The time of tlight of the bufiertlies lasts from May 

 to September, but appears to dejiend on the temperature and other climatic conditions and the princi])al 

 time of emergence is the month of .Inly ((loi'iti'is). The o\'i|)osition seems to be irregular ami regardless 

 of place, and it is left tor the newly-emerged laiva to find its food-plant: it was observed that the eggs 

 were laid on the stalks of grass or otiier plants ((lomposites, Artemisia, etc.), or even on stems oi' on the 

 ground itself, but always near to this. Various ojiinious have l3een achanced as to the food-])lant; thus, 

 among others, Brucio suspected it was ( lastelleia intei;ra, and also suggested Saxitraga, latei' he assigned 

 Sedum stenopetalum as the true food-plant; W. H. Ehwahus reared the larvae on Sedum ternatum , but 

 they also accepted other s]iecies of Sedum. By night they li\e concealed in secure hiding-places on the 

 ground, not coming out until the sun shines: they are commonly attacked by {)arasites (Tachinids). The 

 imagos are connnon where they occur, but are difficult to catch, not only on account of the natural 

 obstacles of the ground, but also on account of their rajiid and high flight. Newly emerged males emit, 

 parficularl}- at the time of copulation, a peculiar, pungent and (lisagreeai)le odour, which reminds one of 

 mice (VV. H. Edwakds, Wriout, Keakirt, Fruustoufkr, etc.). Habitat of the typical race: the Kocky 

 Mountains in Wyoming and ( lolorado. 



The species is very variable, but according to our experience witli the European and Asiatic s])ecies 

 the formation of races in certain restricted localities is to be assumed as in the higiiest degree probable. 

 These races nevertheless intergrade with one another and in the region of flight of the one form are found 

 individuals with characteristics of the others and vice versa, so that the characters assigned to the following 

 forms are only to be taken in a very general sense. In doubtful cases the locality of the insect must 

 settle the question. — As hermodur H. FjIh: only a strongly darkened form of the & is usually hcniiodur. 

 described. The original is recorded from the Southern jiart of the distribution-area. &(f (17 e) from that 

 district for the most ])art differ in that the glossy border of the forewing is not interrupted by white spots 

 at the margin, the submarginal band is only very weakly developed, and the costal spots are occasionally 

 much reduced; ?? occur in a more or less darkened form. The name may be applied collectively to the 

 Southern race. South Colorado, Northern New Mexico. — In sayii IT. //. Fjhr. (17d) the cfd^ are usually sayii. 

 larger, with larger deep red ocelli, and otherwise ap])roach the Asiatic infcrmedinH 3frii.; in the ?? as a rule 

 a more copious sprinkling with black scales is noticeable, so that they agree in this M'ith the ?? of the 

 previous form; the costal spots of the forewing are large and quite tilled in with red, the glossy border 

 broad, only separated from the submarginal band by a row of luniform spots, the submarginal crescents of 

 the hiiulwing especially strongly marked and merged together into a broad band. Montana, Judith Moun- 

 tains. — From the Northern parts of the Rocky Mountains there is a smaller form described as nanus minus. 

 Npiiniori/. The type-specimen of this resembles the ab. mciKlicn ; in the cf the red colour is entirely absent 

 on the upper surface of l)oth wings, the greater part of the outer margin is glassy grey, on the hindwing 

 onlj' the hindmarginal area is blackish and in the disc there is a Ijlack sjDot instead of the ocellus. The ? 

 is similar to that ot lienmxhir. darklj' dusted, with 2 costal spots tilled in with red, hindwing with glassy 

 grey border, the red ocelli with white pupils, all the black markings vivid. Bi'ifish Columbia and Montana. — 

 In the West the species is represented by behrii Tl'. J/. Ju/ir. (17d): a rather large form, in which the cf bclin'i. 

 usually has somewhat longer wings, the submarginal band is marked antei'iorly by sharp black luniform 

 spots, which become obsolete posteriorly, the anterior ones of the costal spots usually centred with red, 

 the glossy border is confined to the anterior half, narrowed and so restricted bj' the white marginal spots 

 that it only remains as a row of blackish wedge-shaped spots; ocelli of the hind^\^ng small. The red- 



