CALKIO. By H. Frfhstorfer. 323 



gin and in the cell entirely absent. Hindwing with whitish fringes. The blue basal area leaves the anterior 

 part of the cell free, is posteriorly extended only to one-half the submedian and shows only a slight sky-blue 

 gloss. Under surface somewhat more uniforndy and regularly striated, the pujjil of the eye-spot at the anal angle 

 commonly somewhat reduced, so that the eye-spot is very broadly ringed with yellowish. $: forewing almost 

 smoke-brown, with very slight blue tinge. The spots near the apex more distinct, blackish, dotted with white 

 internally; distal area somewhat darkened; near the distal margin runs a lighter transverse band of spots, 

 strongly curved posteriorly. Between this and the margin itself, which is again somewhat lighter, is placed 

 a smoke-brown stripe, distally straight, proximally strongly curved. There is no real transverse band behind 

 the cell, only its commencement being indicated at the costal margin by a yellowish diffuse spot. Hindwing 

 with the basal area quite faintly blue; the bluish tinge, however, extends to beyond the end of the cell and 

 nearly to the hinder angle; before the posterior half of the cell, extending somewhat beyond its end, and in the 

 median area of the wing some sparse ochre-yellowish dusting is sometimes perceptible. Distal area black, the 

 margin slightly dusted with yellowish white. Under surface of the hindwing near the distal margin with two 

 somewhat more distinct undulate bands. Markings on the underside of the forewing showing through above 

 almost throughout. Western Amazons, Peru. According to Dr. Hahnel livius is very shy of the light and re- 

 mains hidden during the day in dark, shady places, possibly where rotting fruits have attracted it during its 

 flight in the twilight. When disturbed their flight is jei'ky, the wings only flapping a little, and occasionally 

 they settle in the dark, but nevertheless visible from far off, on a hanging liana. The whole under surface 

 of the butterfly is then exposed, with the large brilliant yellow eye-siiot showing up strikingly on the variegated 

 grey hindwing, and giving the insect almost an aggressive appeai'ance. The colouring is, however, thoroughly 

 adapted to the grey of the twilight for the short half hour during which livius makes its appearance morning 

 and evening. — caesia Stick, was desci-ibed from Venezuela. Forewing suffused with light blue except for the cacsin. 

 rather intensively black distal-marginal part. Under surface densely striated. Round the large ocellus of the 

 hindwing a deep dark brown patch. Strigulation in general finer than in brasiliensis Fldr. — eurilochus Cr., rurilochus. 

 the typical subspecies, is rather rare. Upper surface of the wings pale grey, the striation of the under surface 

 showing through, sometimes with slightly brownish tone, distal area somewhat darker, anteriorly but little, 

 posteriorly more distinctly differentiated from the rest of the wing, more rarely slightly blackish (rainy- 

 season form ?), then at the boundary a lighter, washed-out, narrow transverse band, which touches the posterior 

 angle of the cell, is anteriorly slightly tinged with yellowish and terminates vaguely at the middle median 

 vein. In more uniformly coloured examples only a small, pale yellowish diffuse spot remains at the costal 

 margin before the fork of the foiu-th and fifth subcostal veins. The small spots near the apex mostly only indis- 

 tinct, without or with only very little white bordering. Surinam, Guiana. — brasiliensis Fldr. often attains brasiliensis. 

 a huge size, but from Espiritu Santo to its southern limit (Sta. Catharina) it does not seem to vary, that is to 

 say, to be separable locally, brasiliensis may be known at once by the prominent pure white subapical spots 

 on the upperside of the forewing, which are not develojied to the same extent in any other subspecies. Yet 

 examples occur, particularly in Blumenau and E.spiritu Santo, in which these spots are either entirely absent 

 or only indicated. Blumenau ,-^,^ have more copious white irroration in the distal area of the hindwing 

 beneath, perhaps indicating an incipient race. At the same time a ci from Espiritu Santo is the melanotic 

 extreme. This lacks not only all the whitish, but also the yellow-brown striation, in place of which a mealy 

 powdering of the finest blackish scales is present (= privata form. iiov.). In the submarginal area of both privala. 

 wings there is a well developed longitudinal band of black colour and as the ocelli are also reduced and dark- 

 ened one is tempted to think one has a sejiarate species before one. Egg hemispherical, in the middle with 

 an elevation somewhat like a girdle, beneath lighter and transversely grooved, attached to the underside of 

 leaves. Larva cylindrical, tapering anteriorly and posteriorly. Head angled, sloping anteriorly, dirty white 

 with black lines, when young with dense bristles, afterwards with 8 horns forming a short of crest. Body 

 at first dirty white, later green with dark, anteriorly forked mediodorsal band containing red-brown .spots; 

 when full-grown the larva is dirty grey-yellow with darker-spotted dorsal line and irregular black lateral oblique 

 stripes sloping down posteriorly. At the posterior margin of the 5th — 8th segments are placed short, soft, conical pi'o- 

 tuberances up to. 4 mm. in height (false thorns); the tail is j^rolonged into a fork of about 9 mm. in length. Body 

 up to 12 cm. long. As long as the larva is green (to the third moult) it rests on the underside of the banana leaves 

 (according to Sommerfeld gregariously), afterwards it hides on the stem among dry, hanging leaves, feeding 

 chiefly at night. Pupa robust, broad, tapering ijosteriorly and anteriorly. Dorsal edge strongly projecting, 

 wing-margins likewise strong, 6th — -lOth segments with short black bristles on the dorsum. Body brown- 

 red, with black dots, black dorsal and lower lateral stripes and black lateral oblique bands, sloping down 

 posteriorly. On the wing-case two silvery, brownish-margined spots, the abdomen only with one entirely' 

 free (movable) segment. The metamorphosis occupies 3 — 4 weeks. Brazil (Amazons and southwards), Argentina. 

 — pallidus Fruhsf. Bolivia produces a strongly differentiated eurilochus race, for which I propose the name palliihis. 

 pallidiis. It has more rounded wings than ciirilfic/iiis and livius and the forewing is comjjletely transparent, 

 particularly towards the apex. The scaling m the cell is not blue but yellowish and the whole apical part 

 of the forewing a])])ears light l)rown, as the colour of the luider surface shows through intensively above. The 

 black marginal border is almost entirely supj)ressed, only remaining j)erceptible in the anal angle of the fore- 

 wing, behind the 3rd median vein. The hindwing on the contrary is more broadly margined with black-brown 



