MORPHO. By H. Fruhstorfer. 341 



of material with data and in addition anatomical investigations have yet to be made. The conditions are the 

 most complicated in the Andean region and there seem to be two species there: achiUes L., which has pro- 

 bal)ly originated from the Amazons, and (tdiillucna Hbn., apparently from Central Brazil. We begin here 

 with the branch-races which have a strongly marked black basal area on the npperside of both wings, but 

 indistinct reddish snbmarginal spots on the hindwing, in contradistinction t(j achillnena Hbn. and the subraces 

 with the basal black indistinct or absent, but with distinct red snbmarginal spots on the upperside of the hind- 

 wing. — achilles L. (= heleiior Cr. $), the name-type, came from Surinam and differs from amazonicm^, (ichillcs. 

 wliich we figure ((59 c), cliiefly in the somewhat narrower blue median bands on both wings, wlrich are still 

 more reduced in the 9, particularly on the liindwing. But the $ further bears on the forewing a median row 

 of five white dots, beginning at the costal margin and ending in the middle of the median area. Uniler 

 surface in both sexes with a whitish grey or blue submarginal band, sometimes also dusted with yellowish, 

 on the forewing divided I)y a black line. Forewing with three, liindwing with four ocelli, which are proxi- 

 mally bordered with grey or greenish white. The larva was figured Ijy Madame Merian as long ago as 1705. 

 Ground-colour yellow-grey with prybably somewliat darker (red) bands. According to Dr. W. Muli^er, how- 

 ever , Merian's drawings are often fantastic and inaccurate, so that they can only in rare cases be taken 

 seriously. Two well-markcfl aberrations have already been made known: leotlte Hew., with hook-shaped /ro»<('. 

 prolongation of the proximally isent median band of the liindwing, and lacrinians Fridist., named from Cra- Uicrhnans. 

 mer's figure, with diffused ocelli on the underside of the hindwing, an analagous case to wliich is found in Htkh- 

 ophthahna tonkimana Friihst.. vol. IX. pi. 103 a. In the Amazon region we meet with achilles in different 

 gradations, the blue median bands being still relatively narrow in examples from the lower course, but con- 

 siderably widened in those from the upper river. — amazonicus Fruhst. ((59 c). Larger, longitudinal bands aiHaMiikiin. 

 more brilliant blue, somewhat broader than in achilles. White submarginal patches of the forewing more 

 prominent, but the postdiscal white dots either entirely absent or obsolescent. Oljidos, flies August to vSep- 

 tember. thetis Btlr. is an aberration from Para which lacks the ocelli on the under surface of the forewing; ihcti:^. 

 micans Fruhsl. one which is characterized by a bright bronze gloss on the ocelli. — hector Bob. is a further mican.'<. 

 local form of achilles, and according to the example determined for me by Herr Ruber differs from the type- '"<■'"'"• 

 form in the larger white submarginal punctiform spots of the forewing. The blue median band is somewhat broader, 

 more brilliantly glossy and with green reflection. The black basal area likewise with more intensive blue gloss. 

 The white median bands on the under surface somewhat more prominent, but yet not so well developed 

 as in pindarus Fruhst. from Matto Grosso. One $ from the ujiper Rio Negro, East Colombia, taken by Fassl, 

 closely approaches pindarus $, only differing in the more sharply defined basal area of both wings, with less 

 of the blue reflection, and in the shorter white transcellular band of the forewing, in wliich it also differs widely 

 from anmzonicus Fruhst. Of the local form of this species wliich flies on the upper RioNegro at 1200 m. Fas.sl 

 observed 2 $$ ovipositing. The egg is hemispherical, at the base about l^^ nmi. in diameter, greenish grey 

 and dully transparent. It has a narrow, red-brown, horizontal ridge about the middle, but is otherwise 

 unmarked and not glossy. — pindarus Fruhst. form.s the long missing link which connects the Amazon races pindarus. 

 with trojnna, Bob. from Paraguay and coelestis Btlr. from Rio Grande do Sul. (^ above nearest to amazonicus, 

 but the black basal area of both wings is already less sharply defined and the $ in particular begins to show 

 the dark steel-blue tinge which in trojnna^ suffuses both sexes and is still further intensified in coelestis, whilst 

 in all the branch-forms of (i.chilles it only forms a narrow border to the light l)lue ornamental band. The costal 

 transcellular wlute patches of the forewing, as in amazonicus, cover two intraneural areas, so that ■pindarus 

 ^ inclines towards leontius Fldr. from Colombia in markings as well as in size. $ with distinct red-brown 

 submarginal stri^ies on the upperside of the hindwing. The under surface tends in the direction of the southern 

 achilles races in having the submarginal and median bands almost pure white, only slightly tinged with yellow- 

 ish. Matto Grosso. — ■ trojana Rob. (71 a) is considered one of the commonest and most characteristic butter- trojana. 

 flies of Paraguay, and was first sent to Europe in large numbers about 10 years ago. The $, however, seems 

 to be very rare; it strikingly resembles the J" in colouring, differing chiefly in the presence of five pure white 

 median punctiform spots on the forewing and in- the more intensive violet-blue tinge in the basal area of both 

 wings. Beneath the $$ agree with the (^^ in the extended grey-green intraneural areas, which are wanting 

 in the other known achilles subspecies. In general trojana is more inclined to individual variation than its 

 sister-races; but the maximum of the above-mentioned extension of the foreground of the ocelli on the under 

 surface is reached in mystica Fruhst., a form in which on the under surface the whole of the forewing from mysfwa. 

 the white proximal bordering of the ocelli, which is already somewhat tinged with grey-green, to the black- 

 brown admarginal band is powdered with light grey-green. Hindwing: l)lack-l)rown submarginal band twice 

 as broad as in normal trojana,. All the rest of the distal area to beyond the ocelli covered with dark moss- 

 green scales. The scales are very dense and form a compact area, which is bent round the ocelli in a sack- 

 shape, completely surrounding the ocelli themselves. — mullea Fruhst., on the contrary, designates a niela- midlia. 

 notic extreme; ground-colour dark red-brown, above shot with dusky violet. Median baud dark blue, very 

 narrowly bordered with blue-violet. Submarginal dots dull rose-coloured, with grey-violet gloss (instead 

 of wliite). Under surface: all the usually white markings dark grey-green, ocelli ringed with dark ochre- 



