ARGYNXIS. By TJl. Th. Lehjiaxx. 413 



A. hippolyta Edw. (86 c) is a small-sized form from northern California and Oregon, regarded by Steek- hippolyta. 

 KER as identical with bremneri, which it represents in the South. Upper surface of the (5 pale fulvous, 

 ■with the markings heavy, the basal tracts of both wings strongly obscured, this dark clouding reaching on the 

 hindwing almost the inner angle. The forewings on the underside buff, laved with pale red at the base, the 

 termen and apical area cchreous-brown. The subapical and (in a lesser degree) also the submarginal spots 

 silvered. Hindwings deep ferruginous, mottled \\'ith hiiii; submarginal band narrow, light buff, more or less 

 densely dusted with brown. All the spots brightly silvered. $ easilj- distinguished from (J by the bright red- 

 dish-fulvous tinge of the basal area, and by having the submarginal band on the hindwings almost wholly lost 

 in the deep basal ground-colour. Expanse: (^ 1,6, $ 2,0 — 2,2". Widely distributed through northern Cali- 

 fornia and Oregon. With the earlier stages we are not acquainted. 



A. bremneri Ediv. (86 c) is closely allied to the two following species of the Pacific Coast of North bremneri. 

 America; viz. A. zerene and monticola, from which it is not always easy to distinguish with certainty. Fore- 

 wings long, narrow. ^ above bright fulvous, occasinaUj' with a yellowish tinge; the black markings, espe- 

 cially of the discal area, very heavy. Both wings have the base broadly obsciu"ed; on the hindwings the median 

 band confluescent. The under surface of the forewings reddish-fulvous towards the base, sometimes cinnamon- 

 red from the base along the inner margin up to median vein; the anterior part of the termen and the outer 

 costal margin greyish -yellow, the subapical and anterior marginal spots generally well sUvered. Hindwings 

 with the inner two thirds deep ferruginous, slightly mottled with yeUowi.sh. The space between the two outer 

 rows of very brightly silvered spots usually buff, sometimes clear yellow, very rarely invaded near the anal 

 angle by the dark ground-colour. Costal margin near the base, and the abdominal margin slightly sUvered. 

 $ above paler than ^ , the marginal lines and crescents on the forewings confluent, forming a broad black band 

 enclosing a few insignificant spots of paler coloiu". Otherwise marked like the o . Under surface of fore- 

 wings deeper red than in q, the apex ochreous, with distinct silver spots. Hindwing as in o, somewhat more 

 mottled with greenish-ochreous. All the spots large, well silvered. Exjjanse: q up to 2,4, 5 2,8". The early 

 stages have not as yet been described. The species was first described from specimens brought by Dr. 

 Brejixee from San Juan Island (to the South of Vancouver), which he visited in 1871 on the British ship ■'Zea- 

 lous". Edwards, who later on also collected on Vancouver, captured at the end of June about 60 specimens, 

 flying on blossoming cloverfields near Victoria and Esquimalt; by far the greater majority of these were 

 0(^, and it is probable that, as in other Argynnis, the v$ appear rather later than the qo- They were not at 

 all shy, and on account of their slow and awkward flight easily captured. In 1873 Crotch observed great 

 numbers of this species on the Eraser River and on the border of Labache Lake, flying together with another 

 Argynnis which he took to be a form of aphrodite, but which more likely was cipris. hremneri inhabits 

 southern British Colombia and Vancouver Island, advancing south as far as Washington and northern Oregon. 



A. zerene Bsd. (= hydaspe Bsd.) (86 b) is. like the following .-1. monticola. a rather varifible species zerem. 

 confined to northern California and the neighbouring States in the East and Xorth ; it is smaller than monticola. 

 (J above deep reddish -fulvous, w-itli heavy black markings, the basal area moderately obscured. The black 

 marginal lunules very distinct, connected on the forewing, separated on the hindwing; median band confluent; 

 also the other markings as in monticola, but not so conspicuous. Under side of foi'e\nngs reddish, often suf- 

 fused with rosy-pink, the apex buff, enclosing a patch of ferruginous. Marginal spots not silvered, but buff, 

 suffused by the ground-colour at the inner angle. The hindwings have the ground-colour purplish-grej', 

 mottled with ferruginous in the basal and discal areas and on tlie termen; submarginal band yellowish, 

 much encroached upon by rays projected from the dark border. The spots are almost without any silver, 

 of a delicate greyish-buff colour. The $ differs but little from q in having the basal half of the forewings 

 more obscured and deeper red, especially on the under surface, strongly contrasting with the yellow tint of the 

 apex. The spots on the under surface of the hindwings are as a rule well sUvered, but only in the outer 

 row, whereas the rest do not differ from those of the ^, in contradistinction to monticola $ which has all the 

 spots, also on the forewing, sUvered. Expan.se: o -r- — 2,3", $ 2,4 — 2,5". Nothing is known of the early 

 stages, zerene is found in northern California (Plumas Co., on Mt. Shasta), Nevada and Oregon; whereas 

 monticola prefers the higher mountains, zerene is found mainly in the lower valleys; it visits flowers and is 

 rather common. — As irene Bsd. (= Irene Streck.), and hydaspe Bsd. two forms were described, likewise Irene. 

 from California, resembling zere»e so much that they may be regarded as identical or, according to Strecker. hydaspe. 

 as varieties of that variable species. ■ — Also adiaste Edw. is closely related to zerene, differing only in tlie some- adiaste. 

 what paler ground-colour and the finer, less distinct markings especially of the under surface of the hindwings. 

 Its home is, like that of zerene, California. 



A. monticola Behr (8.5 e) is in many respects so closely allied to the preceding that some authors monticola. 

 have treated it as an alpine variety cf the same, inhabiting the higher mountains of Califorma and the 



