HAEMATERA: LIMENITIDI. By Dr. A. Skitz. 5uy 



C. pandanra Dhl. and Hew. (102 Bh). Of a deep darkln-own, tlie black apical part of the forewings jiaiKlmiiii. 

 divided l)y an ()bli(pie orange band; before the apex a small white sjxit. Beneath the forewings exhibit a red 

 proximal part, the hindwings 4 rings combined to 2 eights. Mexico to Panama. Not rare. 



C. bachis DM. (= bimacidata Heir.) {103 A a). Beneath quite similar to the jjreceding species, but Ixn-liix. 

 above we notice instead of the orange Viand another larger white obH(|ue spot. The forewings are in their 

 basal part of a lustrous lilac, the hindwings iilue. Only in Mexico (e. g. Oaxaca), not common. 



48. (k'lius: Hacmatera Dbl. 



The charming little butterflies forming this little genus, are above dark brown and scarlet or \-ei icilion. 

 Beneath the forewings are quite like those of a Cnllicore, but the hindwings are of a leaf-like colour witlioui 

 the characteristic lines and marks of the preceding genera. Systematically, the nature of the palpi, tiieir 

 hair etc. brings them nearest to the Cyclogmnuna. The larvae, according to W. Muller, also point In- 

 wards this group; they live on Sapindaceae. Tlie main difference between fiie Haematera and the jjreccding 

 genera may be caused by the biological habits of the two groups, consisting in the Callicore displaying adorning 

 colours, the Haematera, however, defensive colours, on their under surface. In South Brazil I found, towards 

 evening, sleeping Callicore though very rarely when searching through the bushes for larvae. I noticed them 

 then in the very interior of the bushes lesting entirely hidden on the principal stalk, with their wings drawn 

 ill and their head turned downwards; Haematera pyramus, however, which is common in some districts 

 of South Brazil, I roused out of the ends of the twigs of bushes where it had been resting cpiite free and 

 unnoticeable, protected by the under surface and resembling a dry leaflet. 



On the forewing, the first subcostal vein arises immediately before the cell-end. the second something 

 beyond it; the upper discocellular is longer than in the other Catagratmnidi, the lower one being absent as tlie 

 median one bends roiuid immediately into the middle radial. The chief veins are slightly thickened at the 

 base of the forewings, though not properly enlarged to a blister. The larva has, only as long as it is quite 

 small, minute spinal stumps which disappear soon and turn into white granulations. The butterflies fly in the 

 sunshine on roads and near bushes. 



H. pyramus. There is probably only one sjiecies in this genus, although some authors presume two or 

 three. — pyramus F. (102 B g) is the name of the Brazilian form the $ of which has only a narrow henio- iii/nmm.'i. 

 chrome band of the forewings, and on the hindwings a faint red median cloud at most. I took this animal in 

 the very southernmost part of Brazil. To this 9 with totally or almost totally brown hindwings belongs the ^ 

 form having broad brown wing-bases on the fore-and hindwings. — thysbe Dbl. and Hew. (102 B h), further- lln/.'ilie. 

 more, is the northern form with quite red forewings (except the apical part) and with also more led in 

 the hindwing. In the forewings hardly the outermost base is yet dull brown, and I jjossess (j'o fi'om Oolondna 

 in which the darkening of the wing-base is absent altogether; this form flies from the Amazon in the whole 

 of the northern parts of South America. — rubra Kaye. from Trinidad is one of those rather widely spread rubra. 

 intermediate forms the (^ of which has the foi'ewings of thy.sbe anrl the hindwings of ■pyramu.^. described already 

 by Staitdinger without denominating them. — Larva green, with white ripples, in the middle strongly thickened, 

 only on the sides small stunted s^jines and on the head 2 long branched horns: no lateral strijie. It lives 

 on Urvillea ulmacea and rests, like an Apatura-]avvii, with drooping head and the horns placed upon the 

 spot where it lies. After 3 or 4 weeks it turns into a green, white-rippled pupa of about the shape of an 

 Araschnia ■prorsa-pupa,, issuing the butterfly after some days. The butterflies are found everywhere in tropical 

 South America, occur in great numbers in some years and are fond of wet places on the road and of the baid<s 

 of brooks where they are sometimes met in numbers together ; w hen being chased up they flutter on a 

 neighbouring twig of a bush where they wait until the danger has disappeared. According to the district 

 where they fly, we find transitions to the foi-m described fii'st so that we could give many denominations. 



Group Limenitidi. 



The Limenitidi which do not occur in Africa and Australia, Inif uhi<h ■div otlierwise sjjicad over all 

 the temperate and warm regions of the globe, show a special liking for a blac'k upper surface ti'aversed 

 by a white postmedian band and for a vaiiegated under surface. Almost only where mimetic influences have 

 destroyed the original design of colouring oi' where there is an overlayer of nu'lal colours, we notice thorough 

 deviations; but also in the latter case, e. g. in Dynamine, the original colour penetrates again in the $5 in case 

 they lack the metal colours. The Dyninnhie which we have, according to the catalogue-works, been trea- 

 ting of after the Catagrammidi, ought more correctly to be placed here *). — The larvae of the Limenitidi 

 have peculiarly reduced spines, since a number of the originally j)iesent sjjines disappear later on, while 

 some few others grow into paired sjiinous clubs or into not paired cones. Only the i'yHaHrj'Me-larva deviates 



*) Anat'Omirally they stand latlici- isolatoil. The extrenu4y Iihil; pi'iii.s aucl saccus are absolutely apaturoidal, tlK- 

 robust uncus lunetutoidal, and t In- niaiinirici'utly foi'mcd valve is. wit li icspeil to tlie struet ural boldness only rivalled Ity 

 some Argynnidi. " (II. Fbuhstobfek.) 



