ORDER LONGIPENNES. 35 
tion off New England; casual on the Pacific coast south to Cali- 
fornia; accidental in Manitoba, Iowa, Illinois, and Florida. 
FamMIty LARIDZA. Gutuis anp TERNS. 
SuspraMiLty LARINAS. GuLis. 
GENus PAGOPHILA Kavp. 
Pagophila Kaur, Skizz. Entw.-Gesch. Eur. Thierw., 1829, 69. Type, 
by monotypy, Larus eburneus Puipps = L. albus GUNNERUS. 
Pagophila alba (GUNNERUS). Ivory Gull. [39.] 
Larus albus GUNNERUS, in LEEM’s Beskr. Finm. Lapper, 1767, 285 (note). 
(Northern Norway.) 
RanGE.— Arctic seas. Breeds in high Arctic latitudes from Melville 
Island and northern Baffin Land to northern Greenland, and on Arctic 
islands of Eastern Hemisphere; winters in the Arctic regions and cas- 
ually south to British Columbia, Lake Ontario, and Long Island; in 
Europe south to France. 
GENUS RISSA STEPHENS. 
Rissa SterHEns, General Zoology, XIII, 1826, 180. Type, by monotypy, 
Rissa brunnichi SterHENS = Larus tridactylus LiInNxws. 
Rissa triddctyla (LINN Us). 
RanGE.— Coasts and islands of the colder parts of the Northern 
Hemisphere, south in winter to the Mediterranean, the Canaries, Ber- 
muda, and Lower California. me 
a. Rissa tridactyla tridactyla (Linnzus). Kittiwake. [40.] 
Larus tridactylus Linnmus, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, I, 1758, 136. (Great 
Britain?) 
Ranee.— Arctic regions. Breeds from Wellington Channel and northern 
Greenland south to Gulf of St. Lawrence, and from Arctic islands of Europe 
and western Siberia to southern France; winters from Gulf of St. Lawrence 
