EXTITs^CT BATRACHIA. 353 



wanting; epiotic and squamosal not distinct; nasalia present; ethmoid 

 composed of two lateral pieces, each forming part of palate; quadrate 

 osseous; mandible toothless, with condyle for the quadrate; teeth pleici- 

 rodont; no "postorbital and supratemporal bones"; first pair haemal 

 branchihyals distinct. 



PROTEIDA. 



Caudal vertebrae and frontal bones distinct; inferior pelvic elements 

 not confluent. 



O, o, supraoccipitalia, maxillaria, prefrontalia, and nasalia wanting; 

 palatine and pterygoidea present; ethmoid a vertical plate on each side 

 of the cerebral lobes; squamosal and epiotic present; quadrate osseous; 

 mandible toothed; teeth pleurodont; haemal branchihyals, first pair con- 

 nate; no "postorbital and supratemporal bones." 



Fig. 1. 



Prf 

 Pmx 



Amphtuma meam, profile of cranium (from Georgia;: Pmx. premaxillary bmie ; JV^. nasal; Prf. pre- 

 frontal ; F. fruntal ; Pa. parietal ; Mx. maxillary ; JE. ethmoid ; Pro. prootic ; Sq. squamosal ; Exo. esoc- 

 cipital ; Pt. pterygoid ; Q. quadrate ; Sta. stapes, natural size. 



URODELA. 



Usual cranial bones present, but pterygoids reduced or wanting; quad- 

 ratum osseous, covered by the squamosal; no "postorbital nor supratem- 

 poral bones" ; no epiotic nor supraoccipital; caudal vertebrae and frontal 

 bones distinct ; ethmoid, a vertical plate on each side; mandible dentig- 

 erous; teeth pleurodont; inferior pelvic elements horizontal, in contact; 

 no osseous pubis ; ilium suspended to a sacral rib. (Mostly no quadrato- 

 jugal.) 



GYMNOPHIDIA. 



Usual cranial bones present and distinct, including frontals and ptery- 

 goids; no supraoccipital nor epiotic; quadrate osseous; caudal vertebrae 

 distinct; no "postorbital nor supratemporal bones" *; ethmoid annulus 

 surrounding cerebral lobes; mandible dentigerous; teeth anchylosed by 

 their bases, t (Quadrato-jugal present.) 



* When the temporal fossa is overarched it is by expansion of the maxillary and 

 quadrato-jugal. (Stannius says, "squama temporalis.") 



t The teeth of Coecilia are compressed, with a trencliant posterior edge, which is 

 crenate after the manner of Megalosaurus, Carcharias, etc. Thus to the numerous 

 genera of Saurians and Selachians possessing this character must be added a Batra- 

 chian. 



23 



