1900 SUPPLEMENT—RECENT INTRODUCTIONS, &C. 67 
Apple or Codlin Moth —continued. 
responsible, though many are still unacquainted with the 
perfect insect itself. The Codlin Moth, though usually 
found on the Apple, is not over particular, as it has been 
recorded from Pears, Plums, Apricots, Peaches, Spanish 
Chestnuts, and even Walnuts. This last, did it not 
emanate from so sterling an entomologist as Mr. Adkin, 
many, perhaps, would be inclined to doubt. In some 
countries this insect is double-brooded ; but here, happily, 
it is single-brooded. 
From time to time all sorts of methods have been 
suggested for dealing with the Codlin Moth, but none so 
effective as spraying with Paris Green, and if used with 
care there is no danger. That this arsenite is a virulent 
Fic. 65. APPLE MaGGor (Trypeta pomonella). 
a, Work of Half-grown Larve ; J, Full-grown Larvee (Natural Size) ; 
c, Egg (Greatly Enlarged). 
poison cannot be too widely known, any more than can 
its utility in destroying this pest of the orchard and the 
garden. Dwarf trees are, of course, the easiest to deal 
with ; but standard trees might also be reached with a 
good machine. The great things to remember are to use 
the Paris Green in the proportion of loz. to 20gall. of 
water, and to spray as soon as the blossoms have fallen. 
Paris Green may be procured from some firms mixed into 
a kind of paste; this is safer for mixing than the dry 
powder. Spraying with Paris Green should bein combination 
with cleanliness about the garden, the use of haybands 
(as advocated in Vol. I.), and the periodical cleansing of 
the trunk in winter. Even where cattle are grazing, the 
arsenite in the proportions suggested may be employed 
with safety. As a means of prevention, all fruits which 
show signs of infestation should be burned. 
APPLE MUSSEL SCALE (Mytilaspis pomorum). 
This very common brown Scale is rather difficult to deal 
with when once it has attached itself to its food-plant. 
It is one of the most familiar pests to the fruit cultivator, 
by reason of the peculiar form of the covering, or scale, 
(Fig. 66), which has _ been 
exuded by the mother insect. 
The Seales are sucking insects, 
and are best therefore killed 
by contact. A Californian 
grower (Mr. Maxwell Heron) 
recommends the following win- 
ter treatment: Take 25lb. of 
unslaked lime, 201b. of sulphur, 
15lb. of salt, and 60gall. of 
water. Place 101b. of the lime 
and all the sulphur with 
20gall. of water in a copper, 
and boil until all the sulphur 
is dissolved. Then take the 
remainder of the lime and the 
salt, slake it, and add enough 
water to make 60gall. Apply 
this when warm through a 
syringe, keeping the mixture 
well stirred. If this be used, 
he says, when the tree is dor- 
mant, it is perfectly harmless 
to the buds. In addition to 
its value as an insecticide it 
is of benefit as a fungicide. 
The mixture may, of course, 
be made in smaller quantities, 
so long as the due proportions 
are observed. As before stated, once the insect has 
attached itself to the bark it is difficult to dislodge, on 
account of its protective covering. In winter, too, when 
the trees are dormant, great benefit will be derived by 
spraying with potash and caustic soda, as advised for 
American Blight. 
The best time to fight it is in late spring (May), when 
the young’ insects are on the wander. Then a soapy 
wash containing a little tobacco water will be found 
of great benefit. So, too, would a weak solution of 
kerosene emulsion. 
Gishurst’s Compound Soap is a most effective Scale 
insecticide, employed at the rate of 4oz. to Lgall. of water. 
Hot water of a temperature of 150deg. may also be 
successfully used in the spring, and is perfectly safe. 
Of recent years cyanide of potassium fumes have been 
recommended for Scale, but this insecticide cannot be 
generally recommended on account of its dangerous 
nature. 
The Apple Mussel Scale (so-called) is identical with 
the Oyster Shell Bark Louse, which gives such trouble 
to American fruit-growers. Curtis’s old name for this 
insect, Aspidiotus conchiformis, is now regarded by 
scientists as a useless synonym. Though usually asso- 
ciated with the Apple, this species is a very general 
feeder, and may be found upon Pears, Currants, Raspberries, 
and many of the hardy outdoor shrubs, such as Coton- 
easters and Heaths. It undoubtedly, however, shows a 
marked partiality for Apples; hence the origin of the 
popular name. 
APPLE POWDERY MILDEW. This disease has 
not yet been recorded in this country ; but in America it 
causes the fruit-grower considerable loss. The fungus 
responsible for the mischief is Podosphxra oryacantha. 
It is a mildew not far removed from the familiar Sphzxro- 
theca pannosa on Roses. The foliage of young Apples is 
chiefly attacked, and their whole surface is covered. The 
fungus has a very debilitating effect upon the trees. The 
area of infection is rapidly increased by means of the 
conida, or summer spores; while winter spores are also 
_ FrG. 66. APPLE MUSSEL 
SCALE. 
