—————— 
Se OO 
5 q 
_ ca 
1900 SUPPLEMENT—RECENT {NTRODUCTIONS, Cat 
CANARY CREEPER. See Tropxolum pere- 
grinum. 
CANARY GRASS. See Phalaris canariensis. 
CANAVALI. See Canavalia. 
CANAVALIA. To the species described on p. 259, 
Vol. I., the following should be added: 
c. Lunareti (Lunaret’s). jl. of a beautiful rose-pink, large. 
Summer. fr. about 6in. long, rou mucronate at apex. J. 
trifoliolate; leaflets glabrous, 5in. 6in. jong, 2sin. Lee 
nite a to an acute apex. Japan, 1881. (R. H. 
CANCERWORT. See Veronica. 
CANDOLLEA (of Labillardiére), in part. A synonym 
of Stylidium (which see). 
CANDY CARROT. See Athamanta Matthioli. 
CANE. A term applied to the stems of Reeds and the 
larger Grasses, to one-year-old stems of Grape Vines, and to 
the stems of Blackberries and Raspberries. 
CANELLA. Syn. Winterana. There are only two 
species of this genus, one being a native of the West Indies 
and the other of Venezuela. Bracts three; sepals five; 
petals wanting; cymes in terminal, almost corymbose 
panicles. 
CANISTRUM. This genus is included by J. G. 
Baker under Aichmea (which see), the plants described on 
p- 260, Vol. I., retaining their specific names. 
CANKER is a little understood disease affecting Apple, 
Pear, and other trees, but chiefly Ash, Lime, Maple, and 
Hazel. The term in the past has been rather loosely 
applied, and the condition of the bark usually known as 
Canker has been ascribed to many causes. Even now 
‘there are numbers who will not admit that the disease is of 
fungus origin, but prefer to think that it is due entire'y to 
errors in cultivation rather than to the ravages of the 
Wound Fungus, Nectria ditissima. That certain conditions 
of soil predispose trees to the attack of the fungus is 
doubtless correct; but the real trouble is due to the fungus 
above-named finding a lodgment in cracks of shrunken 
bark, in wounds caused by hail, frost, insect punctures, the 
careless use of the pruning-knife, etc. 
Once the bark is attacked the wood soon becomes 
involved, and if preventive measures are not taken the 
trees may be killed outright. Amongst predisposing 
causes may be mentioned damp, cold, undrained soils. 
Again, certain varieties are more prone to Canker than 
are others, some of the best dessert Apples, like Blenheim 
Pippin, Cox’s Orange Pippin, and Ribstone Pippin being 
amongst those most susceptible. 
As stated above, the fungus, as a rule, enters through a 
wound in the bark, and it spreads rapidly to the parts 
adjoining the wood. It may manifest itself first in some of 
the smaller branches, when there is usually a dying away of 
the shoots in the vicinity; or it may be first seen on the 
trunk itself. There is considerable cracking of the bark 
(see Fig. 200, A); and if such cracks are carefully examined 
in spring there will be found groups of deep red dots. 
These are known as perithecia (Fig. 200, B), and they 
contain spore-bearing asci. In the autumn previous there 
was another form of fruit developed known as conidia, 
and borne upon white cushions. It is these spores which 
give rise to the disease once they find a suitable nidus. 
A visit to the average country orchard will reveal 
numbers of these Cankered trees, old and unfruitful. 
Not only, too, may the branches be cracked in the way 
already suggested, but the main trunk may have its bark 
so distorted as to present the appearance shown at 
Fig. 201, in which the discoloured affected wood is 
disclosed. 
Directly Canker is noted all diseased shoots should be 
cut away and burned. Portions of stems affected should 
Canker—continued. 
By permission of the Board of Agriculture. 
Fic. 200, CANKER DUE TO NECTRIA DITISSIMA. 
A, showing piece of Apple tree affected. B, Perithecia, showing 
orifices from which spores escape. 
By permission of the Board of Agriculture. 
Fic. 201. DisToORTED BARK DUE TO CANKER. 
