e 
1900 SUPPLEMENT—RECENT INTRODUCTIONS, &C. 195 ° 
CARDUUS. The proper name of Cnicus benedictus 
(mentioned under this heading on p. 266, Vol. I.) is 
Carbenia benedicta (which see). 
CARELIA (of Adanson). 
(which see). 
CAREX. Upwards of 800 species have been referred 
to this genus, but probably not more than 500. are entitled 
to rank as such ; they are copiously dispersed over tem- 
perate and frigid regions, but few being found within 
the tropics, and those on mountains. To those described on 
p. 267, Vol. I., the following should be added: 
C. arenaria (sand-loving). ., spikelets rather largé, ovoid, all 
simple and sessile, usually crowded eight or ten together in a 
terminal spike of lin. to 2in. Summer. Rootstock creeping, 
often many feet, emitting small tufts or single stems from a 
few inches to I14ft. in height and leafy at base. Europe 
(Britain), in maritime sands. 
Cc. brunnea (brown). 71., inflorescence long, lax; peduncles 
often several- from each sheath, the lowest exserted lin. to 
8in., slender, nodding, sometimes bearing three to ten spikes. 
1. two-thirds the length of the stem, din. broad. Stems lft. to 
3ft. high, slender. Himalayas, Australia, &c., 1892. Half- 
hardy. Syn. C. gracilis (R. H. 1892, p. 383), here is a form 
variegata, having leaves striped with white. 
Cc. Drymeia (Drymeia). A synonym of C. sylvatica, 
C. gracilis (slender). A synonym of C. brunnea. 
C. japonica (Japanese). A garden name for C. tristachya. 
C. maxima (greatest). A synonym of C. pendula. 
C. paniculata (panicled). #., spikelets brown, numerous, 
erowded into a compound spike or panicle sometimes 4in. to 
Sin. long. Early summer. /. sometimes longer than the stems 
and jin. to 4in. broads Stems 1ft. to 4ft. high, more or less 
triangular. Europe (Britain), &c. A stout species, forming 
large tufts. 
C. scaposa (scapose). /l. brownish; spikelets tin. to Jin. long ; 
cymes three or more to a scape, lin. to 2in. broad; scapes longer 
or shorter than the leaves, stout, erect. Winter. J., radical ones 
lft. long or more, 2in. broad, elliptic-lanceolate, acuminate at 
both ae petioles sometimes 3in. to 4in. long. South China, 
1883. Greenhouse. (B, M. 6940.) 
Cc. secta cou’), ji., spike lax, slender, drooping; spikelets pale 
brown. Z. rigid, flat, keeled, much longer than the culms, din. 
broad. Culms densely*tufted, harsh, leafy, three-angled, lft. to 
2ft. high, with scabrid edges. New Zealand, 1878. 
C. tristachya (three-spiked). ., male spike solitary, linear, 
pedunculate; females twin, linear, approximating, slightly 
edunculate. 7, linear, striped with white. A. lft. Japan. 
seful in pots for room decoration. SYN. C. japonica (of gardens). 
* CG. Vilmorini (Vilmorin’s). A graceful and very distinct species, 
with long and very narrow, densely-tufted leaves. New Zealand, 
1897. It is easily increased by division of the tufts or by seeds. 
(R. H. 1897, p. 79, f. 26). 
In addition to the above, C. trifida and C. virgata are in culti- 
vation, but are at present rare. 
CARICA. Including Vasconcellea. About a score 
-species, natives of tropical America, form this genus. 
Flowers white, yellow, or greenish, unisexual and some- 
times hermaphrodite; corolla of the male flowers salver- 
shaped, with an elongated tube; female flowers having five 
erect petals. 
CARISSA. Ardwina (described on p. 109, Vol. I.) 
is regarded by Bentham and Hooker as synonymous with 
this genus, which embraces about twenty species, natives 
of Africa, tropical Asia, and Australia. 
C. Arduina (Arduina). The correct name of Arduina bispinosa. 
CARLINA. C. Chameleon is a synonym of C. acaulis. 
CARLUDOVICA. This genus embraces about thirty 
species, natives of tropical America and the West Indies. 
To those described on p. 268, Vol. I., the following should 
be added: 
Cc. Caput-Medusa Gaeta fil. pale greenish-white, 
filamentose, forming dense heads, J. 3ft. to 4ft. long, cuneate- 
flabelliform, thickly plicate and bisected to the middle ; segments 
three- to five-cleft, multifid towards the apex; ultimate segments 
recurved, acute. Habitat unknown, 1890. A handsome, stemless 
plant. (B. M. 7118.) 
C. elegans (elegant). J. fan-like, 3ft. across, divided into four or 
five segments, which are again deeply cleft into narrow divisions. 
1889. An ornamental, Palm-like plant. 
A synonym of Ageratum 
Carludovica—continued. 
C. Gardneri (Gardner's). 1. spirally disposed ; spadix cylindrical; 
eels four-leaved ; peduncles axillary. J. obovate, narrowed to 
the petioles, bifid to the middle; lobes erect, oblong-ovate, 
acuminate. Brazil. (J. B. ii. 29, tt. 3-4.) 
C. gracilis (slender). jl., spadices pendulous, 4in. long, axillary, 
Pe oraatss covered with twisted threads. J. alternate, 2ft. to 
4ft. long, bipartite, the divisions 2in. to 3in. broad, lanceolate, 
plicate, with ribs raised_on the upper surface, bright green 
above, paler beneath. Caudex erect, waving. West Indies. 
Syns, C. Plumieri, Salmia palmifolia. 
C. latifolia (broad-leaved). l., spadix 2in. to 3in. long, scarcely 
rising above the spathe, with wavy stamens ; scape short, thick, 
concealed by several spathe-leaves. 7. springing from the top of 
the root, spreading, sa 1sft. to 2ft. long, rounded-flabelli- 
form, strongly ribbed, bifid at apex, the lobes Taciniate ; petioles 
2080) 6in. long. West Indies, &c. SYN. Ludovia latifolia(B. M. 
Cc. Laucheana (Lauche’s). J. large, ensiform, plicate, green, 
coriaceous, bilobed at the apex, sheathing at base. Antioquia, 
1893. Nearly allied to C. plicata. Syn. Salmia Laucheana (G.C. 
1895, xiii., pp. 442, 481, f. 72). 
C. microcephala (small-headed). _/l., spadix 3in. long, covered 
with pale yellow flowers and long white tilaments ; spathes two, 
opposite, lin. to 1jin. long. Spring. J/.numerous at the top of 
the stem, 10in. to 18in. long, split to below the middle into two 
lanceolate, finely acuminate segments; petioles’ very slender. 
Stem 34in. high, throwing out subterranean suckers, Costa Rica, 
1880. (B. M. 7263.) 
C. palmifolia (Palm-leaved). A provisional name for a plant 
introduced by B. S. Williams and Son. 
C. plicata (folded). fl., spadix 8in. long; rachis dense-flowered, 
much shorter than the petiole; spathes four, 4in. long. 7. more 
or less deeply bifid, 3ft. to 44ft. long ; divisions ovate-lanceolate, 
acute or rounded at apex, argutely plicate towards the base. 
Caudex thick, woody, erect, lft. high, rarely taller, with a ter- 
minal tuft of many leaves. Brazil and Colombia. 
Cc. Plumerii (Plumer’s). j., spadices axillary, pedunculate, 
pendulous, cylindrical, 4in. Jong 3 bracts spathe-like, somewhat 
greyish. 7. seven or eight at the apex of the stem, bifid to the 
middle, 24ft. long, 8in. broad, plicate, rigid, very shiny, paler 
beneath; segments oblong, acute. Stem radicant. - Marti- 
nique, &c. 
C. Plumieri (Plumier’s). A synonym of C. gracilis. 
CARMICHZELIA. New Zealand is the headquarters 
of the eighteen or so species embraced in this genus. To 
the one described on p. 269, Vol. I., the following should 
be added : 
Cc. Enysii (Enys’). This species forms hard, compact patches 1ft. 
to 4ft. in diameter, and scarcely rising lin. above the surface of 
the ground ; in fact so densé are the branches that it is impossible 
to thrust the finger between them. New Zealand, 1877, 
Cc. Mulleriana (Muller's). . jl. whitish, striated Parnle, small, 
solitary or in pairs in the axils of the leaves. J. leaflets one 
to three, small, obovate, emarginate, about Jin. long, on\a 
rather longer petiole. Branches slender, compressed, pinnately 
branched ; branchlets filiform, compressed. A. about 2ft. 1887. 
CARNATION. This lovely flower, which within the 
past decade has been considerably improved by the florists, 
bids fair to regain the popularity it enjoyed with the old- 
time gardeners. Colour, constitution, and form all show a 
considerable advance upon those varieties that were in 
existence even fifteen years or less ago. The flower is one 
of the oldest of which we have records, and Mr. Douglas 
informs us that even the much-prized yellow Carnation was 
grown in London towards the close of the sixteenth century. 
Popular as it is with a very large number of gardeners, it 
would be even more extensively gr6wn were its merits as a 
town plant more widely known, as well as its comparatively 
easy cultivation. Perhaps the most important improvement 
is manifest in what are known as Border varieties, lists of 
which will be found under the headings of “ Selfs” and 
“Fancies.’’ In the Malmaison section, too, there has been a 
steady advance, especially as regards colour, though it must 
be confessed that this section seems more than ordinarily 
susceptible to fungoid diseases. For the benefit of the 
amateur we may say that the Selfs are of one colour only, 
whereas the Fancies comprise those varieties which,,on 
account of their colours, do not fall within any of the other 
classes enumerated in Vol I.; for instance, those with a 
yellow or a white ground, or those mottled, flaked, or 
spotted with various colours. 
