1900 SUPPLEMENT—RECENT INTRODUCTIONS, &c. 199 
Carnivorous Plants—continued. 
the nutritive substances have been dissolved out, the 
tentacles regain their original position. Should the fly be 
caught on one side of the leaf, usually the tentacles of 
that side only are inflected. Often the edge of the leaf 
hends over as well as the tentacles. The marginal tentacles 
turn inwards and carry the fly, or what not, to the centre 
of the leaf, there to be acted on, if it should be caught 
on them alone. Darwin says that on examining a dozen 
plants, haying fifty-six fully-expanded leaves, he found 
thirty-one with dead insects or their remains, and on one 
large leaf the remains of thirteen distinct insects. He 
mentions the case of a butterfly —the Small Heath 
(Cenonympha pamphilus)—being caught, and we have 
on two occasions found a specimen of the small Blue 
Dragon-fly firmly held, though by no more than one leaf. 
If the substance deposited on the leaf contains a good 
supply of nitrogen compounds easily dissolved, such as raw 
meat, hard-boiled eggs, or fragments of insects, the move- 
ment of the tentacles is very rapid. Darwin mentions an 
instance in which a piece of raw meat placed on a gland 
caused inflection in five or six minutes, whereas a piece 
of ‘cinder only caused movement in about four hours. 
Tickling or repeated touching will in time cause the 
tentacles to inflect, but a tap will not; so that the wind 
blowing blades of grass against the plant does not cause 
unnecessary action anda waste of energy. The centre of 
irritability seems to be in the gland, for if this is cut 
off the tentacles will not inflect, whereas almost the 
tiniest particle of nitrogenous matter deposited on the 
gland will cause motion, testifying to its great sensitive- 
ness. As a result of stimulation the purple particles in 
the cells of the glands aggregate into variously-shaped 
masses, which float about in a now colourless fluid. 
In the case of Dionxa muscipula the sensitive bristles are 
situate in the centre of each lobe of the leaf. When these 
are touched, the outer edges close up, thus preventing the 
escape of the fly or other intruder. 
CARNIVOROUS SLUGS (Testacella). Some points 
in connection with these useful Slugs are dealt with 
in Vol. IV., under Testacella. There, however, but 
Fic. 211. 
CARNIVOROUS SLUG (Yestacella haliotidea). 
two species are mentioned—Z. haliotidea (Fig. 211) 
and T. Maugei. There is a third, T. scutellum. The 
first-named species is fairly abundant in certain districts— 
Oxfordshire, for instance—though the Slugs are seldom 
recognised as beneficial to the gardener, and are 
often destroyed. They are, however, chiefly confined to 
the South-west portion of England. A popular but 
erroneous impression is that these Slugs do not come out 
of the soil; but they have been frequently found upon 
lawns when searching for worms with a light, and upon 
gravel walks. Nor do they confine their attention entirely 
to worms; they will not hesitate to attack Slugs of other 
species. Their method of attack on worms is to seize their 
unfortunate prey some distance up, inflict a wound— 
probably by means of the toothed lingual ribbon—and draw 
it in thus doubled up. The worms are not swallowed alive. 
T. scutellum differs chiefly from 7’. haliotidea in being of a 
more pronounced yellow, while the lines on the back meet 
in front of the shell instead of merging under its edge. 
B. Maugei has a much larger shell than the other two 
species. 
’ beneath the soil, or it may be in the stored Carrots. 
CARPENTERIA. In the Southern counties of 
England this very fine shrub is quite hardy, but North of 
London it requires the protection of a wall, or even of 
a cool greenhouse. It is by no means exacting in its 
cultural requirements so long as the soil is fairly rich, 
moist, and well drained. It is a rather difficult plant to 
strike from cuttings, but it may be readily propagated 
by layering. The layers should be tongued, and a little 
damp moss and sand pressed into and over the incision, 
the whole being kept moist by frequent syringings. 
CARPINUS. Of this genus there are nine species, 
broadly dispersed over North temperate regions. To those 
described on p. 272, Vol. I., the following should be added: 
C. ecaroliniana (Carolina). A synonym of C. americana. 
C. japonica (Japanese). jl., male catkins cylindric, with 
spreading, ovate bracts; females large, ellipsoid, with large, 
* toothed, imbricated bracts. J. lanceolate-ovate, long-pointed, 
doubly serrated, 2in. to 4in. long, jin. to 1sin. broad; petioles 
4in. to sin. long, and, as well as the branchlets and peduncles, 
rusty-tomentose. Japan, 1889. A dwarf tree. 
C. Ostrya (Ostrya). A synonym of Ostrya virginica. 
CARPOCAPSA. ‘This isagenus of very small Moths, 
one species of which is exceedingly destructive to Apple 
trees—C. pomonella, or Codlin Moth. Occasionally, too, 
the larvee of another species (C. splendidana) are found in 
Walnuts, though more usually in Acorns. 
CARPODETES RECURVATA. A synonym of 
Stenomesson recurvatum (which see). 
CARPOLYZA. Syn. Hessea. This genus is mono- 
typic. Leaves two to four, contemporary with the flowers. 
CARPOPOGON. A synonym of Mucuna (which 
see). 
CARREGNOA. A synonym of Tapeinanthus 
(which see). 
CARRIERIA (named in honour of E. A. Carriére, 
Editor-in-chief of the “‘ Revue Horticole”). Orb. Biwinex. 
A monotypic genus. The species is a hardy tree with 
the general aspect of Idesia polycarpa, but with a woody, 
capsular fruit. It probably requires similar culture to 
Idesia (which see). 
C. calycina (having a prominent calyx). /l. few, in a simple, 
terminal raceme; sepals five, white, rounded, connivent, very 
ilose. jr., an elongated capsule, dehiscing in three valves 
. alternate, caducous, petiolate, ovate, toothed, coriaceous, 
glabrous. Se-T'chuen, 1896. (R. H. 1896, p. 47, f. 170.) 
CARRION FLOWER. Sce Stapelia. 
CARROT. In addition to the varieties recommended 
in Vol. I. for forcing, the following are noteworthy: Early 
Scarlet Horn, Little Gem, and Scarlet Perfect. 
CARROT GRUBEBS (Psila rose). These pests are 
most abundant in this country, as well as in many parts 
of the Continent, but especially in Germany. The life- 
history and depredations of the insect responsible for the 
mischief were somewhat fully dealt with in Vol. I. Little, 
therefore, remains to be added here. ‘The perfect insect, a 
fly (Fig. 212, 1), is on the wing in May, when the female, 
which has a more pointed body than the male, furnished 
with an ovipositor, lays the eggs in the soil in the vicinity 
of the roots, the insect actually working beneath the surface 
for the purpose. The larve (Fig. 212, 2), when hatched out, 
make for the food ready to hand, and if Carrots showing signs 
of withered tops are lifted, they will be found covered with 
rusty spots (Fig. 212, 4), somewhat similar to those arising 
from iron-mould. The pupa-state (Fig. 212, 3) is passed 
There 
are several broods in the season, and the repeated attacks 
of the pests cause the Carrots to become rotten in bad 
cases, and always to lessen their market value. 
Wood-ashes are very distasteful to the grubs of tho 
Carrot Fly, and should be always employed. Some 
cultivators also add paraffin at the rate of 1qt. to a 
barrow-load of the wood-ashes, and apply this on the 
