264 
THE DICTIONARY OF GARDENING, 
COVELLIA. Included under Ficus (which see). 
COW-BELL. See Silene inflata. 
COW-HERB. See Saponaria Vaccaria. 
COWHORN ORCHID. See Schomburgkia 
tibicinis. 
COWSLIP (Primula veris). When cultivated in gardens 
the plant produces very large trusses, which are sweetly 
scented. The culture is similar to that of the common 
Primrose and Polyanthus. 
COW’S LUNGWORT. ‘See Verbascum Thapsus. 
COW-TREE. See Brosimum. 
CRACKING OF FRUIT. This condition is very 
familiar alike on fruits grown under glass and in the open. 
In the former case, Grapes are chiefly affected, and as such 
berries are both unsightly and not very saleable, an 
endeayour must be made to combat the evil. Cracking 
usually arises in the case of Grapes from imperfect ventila- 
tion, overfeeding, and an excess of moisture in the atmo- 
sphere and at the roots. It is especially prevalent when such 
conditions follow a somewhat dry period. Frequently a 
strong application of natural or of chemical manure will 
induce thin-skinned varieties to Crack badly. A similar con- 
dition may be induced by a saturated border, which previous 
to watering was rather dry. Again, Cracking may be the 
result of fungus attacks, to which the conditions named above 
may predispose the Vines. 
With hardy frait, Cracking is very common upon Apples 
and Pears. Then it is due to the presence of a well- 
defined fungus, Fusicladium dendriticum, to which atten- 
ee already been directed under Apple and Pear 
Scab. 
CRACK WILLOW. See Salix fragilis. 
CRANBERRIES. ‘There are several varieties of 
Cranberries (Oxycoccus), notably the following American 
sorts—Bngle, Bell, Cherry, and the one known as the 
American Cranberry (O. macrocarpus). The fruit is rather 
sour, but when cooked in tarts, &c., with sufficient sugar to 
sweeten, it is usually appreciated. When once established, 
little or no further attention is required, except preventing 
other trees or bushes from smothering the tough, wiry 
growths. The fruit, whichis ripe in September, varies in 
colour from red to purple, and in form from round to oyal. 
Propagation is usually effected by division in the early 
spring. 
In England the cultivation of the Cranberry has not been 
seriously attempted, though those best capable of judging 
contend that it could be grown to profit. In America the 
growing of the berries for market is an important industry, 
Massachusetts and New Jersey being the chief centres. 
In America the land for growing Cranberries is flooded from 
Autumn to May with from 18in. to 2ft. of water. On the 
first of the latter month the water is drained away, and the 
plants soon put forth their blossoms. It is probably owing 
to the irrigation of the land being necessary that the 
profitable culture: of the fruits has not been attempted on 
anything of a scale in England. 
CRANEFLY, or DADDY LONG-LEGS (Tipula 
oleracea). These pests are amongst the worst against which 
grass-growers haye to contend, They are, however, 
injurious to many other crops besides those noted in Vol. I. 
Strawberry-plants are often badly attacked ; while corn and 
leguminous crops like Clover, Peas, and Beans suffer 
considerably in some seasons. For grass land, soot and 
lime, in the proportion of three parts of the former to one 
of the latter, have proved of service, and similarly in the 
case of Strawberries affected. In the latter case it is usual 
to trim the plants close, and hoe in the soot andlime. In 
the case of lawns, in addition to dressings of soot and lime, 
they should be rolled every evening towards dusk, as then 
thousands of insects will be destroyed as they emerge, and 
before they haye an opportunity of depositing their eggs. 
CRANIOLARIA ANNUA. A 
Martynia proboscidea (which see). 
CRANTZIA (of Scopoli). A synonym of Alloplectus 
(which see). 
CRANTZIA (of Vellozo). 
therum (which see). 
CRAPE FERN. See Todea. 
synonym of 
A synonym of Centra- 
CRASPEDIA (from kraspedon, a fringe; 1m allusion 
to the form of the pappus). Syn. Richea (of Labillardiére). 
Orp. Composite. A genus consisting of fiye species of 
greenhouse, silvery-silky, woolly or nearly ~ glabrous, 
perennial herbs, mostly natives of Australia and New 
Zealand. Flower-heads yellow or whitish, few-flowered, 
homogamous; florets tubular, five -toothed; inyolucre 
consisting of many or few scarious bracts ; receptacle very 
narrow. Leaves alternate or radical, entire. C. Richea, the 
only species known in gardens, is best treated as a half- 
hardy annual. 
C. pilosa (pilose). A synonym of C. Richea. 
C. Richea (Richea). /l.-heads yellow, in solitary, depressed- 
globular clusters 4in. to lin. in diameter. /., radical ones ovate- 
oblong to lanceolate, several inches long, narrowed to a long 
Petioles cauline ones narrow, stem-clasping. h. lft. Australia, 
881. Plant usually woolly- or silky-white. (B. M. 5271.) Syn. 
C. pilosa (B. R. 1908). 
Cc. R. macrocephala (large-headed). _/l.-heads in larger clusters. 
Plant tall and nearly glabrous. (B. M. 3415, under the name of 
C. macrocephala.) 
CRASPEDOLEPIS. A synonym of Restio (which 
see). 
CRASSINA. A synonym of Zinnia (which see). 
CRASSULA. Thick-leaf. Bentham and Hooker 
include the following under this genus: Dasystemon, 
Globulea, Kalosanthés, Petrogeton, Septas (of Linnzus), 
and Twurgosea. Leaves opposite, rarely petiolate, often 
connate, fleshy, entire and cartilaginous-margined, glabrous, 
pubescent, or scaly. C. coccinea, C. jasminea, C. odora- 
tissima, and C. versicolor are now referred to Rochea, 
which should not be included here. To the species described 
on pp. 391-2, Vol. I., the following should be added : 
C. abyssinica (Abyssinian). j. pure white, with an odour 
resembling that of Hawthorn, disposed in abundantly-produced 
corymbs. Habit tree-like, approaching that of C. coccinea, but 
more woody. Tropical Africa. (G. M. 1888, p. 823.) 
C. aloides (Aloe-like). fl. pale yellow, small; scape 3ft. to 4ft. 
high, bearing a corymb 14ft. across. J. green, fleshy, 1ft. or more 
in length, 2in. wide at the base. Transvaal, 1896. This species 
has much the appearance of an Aloe. 
Cc. columnaris (columnar). j., pure white, in a dense, capitate 
cyme. J. fleshy, orbicular, imbricated. Stem short, erect. A. Sin. 
Allied to C. pyramidalis. (G. C. 1898, i., f. 23.) 
C. Cooperi (Cooper’s). _/i. deep carmine, produced in abundance. 
Habitat not recorded, 1897. 
Cc. hybrida albiflora (white-flowered hybrid). /l. white, small ; 
corymb very many flowered. J. triangular, fleshy. A. 10in. Plant 
erect. An interesting hybrid between C. jasminea and Rochea 
odoratissima. 
Cc. impressa (marked). . disposed in loose, dichotomously- 
branched corymbs; petals white at base, red above, free, elliptic- 
oblong; peduncles and pedicels glabrous. J., radical ones 
crowded, somewhat rosulate, oblong, linear-lanceolate, or nearly 
linear ; cauline ones linear, opposite ; all succulent, glabrous, and, 
as well as the stems, more or less suffused with purple. Stems 
tufted, 2in. to 34in. long. 1886. Syn. C. Schmidti (R. G. 1225). 
Cc. recurva (recurved). l. crimson, disposed in flat-topped cymes. 
1. greyish-green, mottled with purplish-crimson. Stems lft. high. 
Zululand, 1890. This species resembles C. rubicunda. ’ 
C. rhomboidea (rhomboid). . pale flesh-coloured ; cymes short- 
stalked, terminal, few-flowered, Zin. to lin. across. J. rhom- 
boidal, hunched above the middle, sub-acute, tin, to Jin. thick, 
glaucous, dotted. 2in. to 3in. Transvaal, 1886. Plant 
glabrous. Of botanical interest. 
C. Schmidti (Schmidt’s). A synonym of C. impressa. 
©. Schweinfurthii (Schweinfurth’s). A dwarf, tufted species, 
with white flowers. Abyssinia, 1892. 
CRATZGUS. One or two species formerly included 
here are now referred to Photinia and Pyrus. To the 
species and varieties described on pp. 393-4, Vol. I., the 
following should be added : 
Cc. Bruanti (Bruant’s). A synonym of C. Oxyacantha semper- 
Jlorens. 
C. Carrierei (Carriére’s). A variety of C. mexicana. 
C. Crus-galli pendula (pendulous). Branches slender, pendent 
at the extremities. There are several other varieties. 
C. elliptica (elliptic). A synonym of C. flava. 
C. ferox (fierce). A synonym of C. horvida. 
Cc. ignonensis (Grignon). fr. yellowish-green or lemon- 
yellow, tinted with reddish. J. lanceolate. 1890. 
C. horizontalis (horizontal), A synonym of C. Crus-galli linearis. 
Cc. Lavallei (Lavallé’s). See C. mexicana Carrierel. 
C. leucophloeos (white-barked). A synonym of C. tomentosa. 
