270 
THE DICTIONARY OF GARDENING, 
CROSNES (Stachys tuberifera). This belongs to the 
genus Stachys; but, owing to the apparent impossibility of 
getting it to flower, botanists have not been able to decide 
on its specific name; it therefore goes by the provisional 
one of tuberifera. By the French it is known as Crosnes du 
Japon, and over here it has been dubbed Stachys, Spirals, 
and Japanese or Chinese Artichokes. The roots of this 
vegetable are very curious-looking (see Fig. 280), quite 
white, and deeply corrugated in segments, giving them very 
much the appearance of the larva of some insect—indeed, 
not at all unlike the-larva of the queen-bee. The foliage 
of the plant is small and not at all ungraceful, and the roots 
are produced somewhat in the way of some Ovalis, in long 
strings and in considerable abundance. 
Wi ( 
AT 
Fic, 280. CROSNES. 
It should be planted in rows in any ordinary garden soil 
in March, the rows being about 12in. apart, and two of the 
roots dibbled in at about 6in. apart. With the exception of 
weeding, no further cultivation is required. Crosnes are 
perfectly hardy, and should be left in the ground, digging 
them up as required, as they become dark when much 
exposed to the air. 
CROSSANDRA. To the species described on pp. 400-1, 
Vol. I., the following should be added: 
C. flava (yellow). 7. yellow, disposed in a terminal, tetragonal, 
cone-like spike; outer bracts large, rounded, very hairy, spiny- 
toothed. January. J. glabrous, obovate-lanceolate, undulated, 
sinuate-pinnatifid, entire towards the apex ; lower ones petiolate. 
Stem short, highly glabrous, Sierra Leone, 1852. (B. M. 4710.) 
CROSS-FERTILISATION. See Hybridising. 
CROSSYNE. Included under Buphane (which see). 
CROTALARIA. To the species described on p. 402, 
Vol. I., the following should be added. Few of the large 
number introduced are now in cultivation. 
C. arborescens (tree-like). A synonym of C. capensis. 
C. benghalensis (Bengalese). A synonym of C. juncea. 
C. capensis (Cape). jl. bright yellow, lin. long, on longish 
perigels racemes terminal or opposite the leaves, lax, many- 
owered. /., leaflets broadly obovate, Zin. to lin. long, obtuse, 
emarginate, acute, or mucronate; petioles jin. to 1sin. Jong. 
h. 4ft. to 5ft. South Africa, 1774. A stout, greenhouse shrub. 
Syn. C. arborescens. 
C. elegans (elegant). A garden name for C. purpurea. 
C. fenestrata (window-like). A synonym of C. juncea. 
Crotalaria—continued. 
C. floribunda (abundant-flowered). 
obcordata. 
C. juncea (Rush-like). 1. yellow ; racemes loosely ten- to twenty- 
tiowered, lft. long, lateral and terminal. September. J. rather 
distant, firm, linear or oblong, lsin. to 3in. long. Branches 
slender, twiggy, terete. Ah. several feet. India, 1816. 
shrub. Sywns. C. benghalensis, C. fenestrata (B. M. 1935). 
C. longirostrata (long-beaked).* fl. rich yellow, with a red 
stripe at back; standard large, broader than long; claw 
ciliated; raceme erect, many-flowered. December to March. 
1. trifoliolate ; leaflets oblong- or cuneate-obovate, mucronalate 
A synonym of Viborgia 
Stove 
at apex. Mexico,1891. Avery handsome, greenhouse sub-shrub. 
(B. M. 7308.) 
C, pulchella (pretty). A synonym of Lebeckia cytisoides. 
Cc. purpurea (purple). /. bright purple, Jin. long; racemes 
terminal, many-flowered, elongating. March to May. /., leaflets 
Zin. to lin. long, Jin. to 4in. broad, elliptic or obovate, often 
drying bluish or livid, as if they contained indigo. h. 3ft. to 4ft. 
South Africa, 1790. A highly ornamental, much-branched, 
greenhouse shrub. (B. M. 1913.) Syn. C. elegans (of gardens). 
Cc. semperfiorens (ever-flowering). fl. bright yellow, 4in. to 
zin. long ; racemes lateral and terminal, not panicled. Spring. 
i. oblong, rounded at base, acute or obtuse, 2in. to 4in. long, 
green and glabrous above, pale and downy beneath; stipules 
leaf-like. Branches terete. India, &c. 1816. Greenhouse 
shrub. 
CROTON BUG OF AMERICA. This is the name 
applied to a most destructive species of Cockroach, 
abundant in America ‘and elsewhere, and known scientifically 
as Phyllodromia germanica. 
CROWN. See Corona. 
CROWN BEARD. Seé Verbesina. 
CRUCIANELLA. About twenty-six species, natives 
of the Mediterranean region and Western Asia, are included 
in this genus. To those described on p. 402, Vol. I., the 
following should be added : 
C. angustifolia (narrow-leaved). #1. whitish, spicate, four- 
parted ; corolla slender; spike linear, quadrifarious, imbricated, 
somewhat interrupted at base. June and July. J. in whorls of 
six, linear, acute, scabrous on the margins. Plant erect. h. 6in. 
to 8in. Asia Minor, 1816. Annual. (8S. E. B. 109.) 
C. stylosa (prominent-styled). A synonym of Phuopsis stylosa. 
CRUIKSHANKSIA (of Hooker). 
Balbisia (which see). 
CRUSEA (named in honour of Dr. G. Cruse, an 
authority on the Cape Rubiacex). Orv. Rubiacew. A genus 
embracing about ten species of stove, erect or ascending 
herbs, natives of Mexico and Central America. Flowers 
pink, mediocre, in a head with four involueral bracts. 
Leaves opposite, ovate or lanceolate, nerved. C. rubra 
(B. M. 1558, under name of Spermacoce strigosa) has been 
introduced, but is perhaps not now in cultivation. 
CRYOSOPHILA, or CRYSOPHILA. 
under Copernicia (which see). 
CRYPTANTHUS. Syn. Pholidophyllum. According 
to J. G. Baker, this genus now embraces about a dozen 
species, natives of Brazil and Guiana. Flowers white, 
arranged in a head in the axils of the inner leaves; sepals 
united in a campanulate tube just above the ovary, the seg- 
ments not mucronate ; petals three or four times as long 
as the calyx, widely spreading ; stamens inserted on the 
corolla; anthers small. Leaves many ina rosette, spreading, 
with stolons in the axils of the outer ones. Only a few of 
the species are in cultivation. To those described on p. 402, 
Vol. I., the following should be added : 
C. Beuckeri (Beucker’s). 1. white, ina small head. 7. disposed 
in an open rosette, petiolate, elliptic, acute or acuminate, light 
reddish, with numerous transverse, green, irregular lines or 
blotches, the margins spinulose. South Brazil, 1883. A remark- 
able, dwarf Bromeliad. (B. H. 1881, p. 342, t. 1.) 
C. Morrenianus (Morren’s). A synonym of Distiacanthus 
Morrenianus. 
Cc. undulatus (wavy). The correct name of C. acaulis. The 
form purpureus (Ref. B. 287) has leaves tinged with reddish- 
brown. 
C. zonatus (zoned). ji. in a small tuft in the centre of the 
rosette ; petals white, oblanceolate, lin. long. 7. ten to fifteen in 
a short rosette, oblong-lanceolate, 6in. to Yin. long, 14in. broad, 
thinly white-lepidote on the back, with small and close 
marginal prickles. Brazil, 1842. Syns. Pholidophyllum zonatum, 
Tillandsia zonata and T. zebrina (of gardens). 
C. z. fuscus (dark). 7. brown instead of green. 
A synonym of 
Included 
