360 
“FAGREA IMPERIALIS. A 
F. auriculata, 
FAGUS. Beech trees are very liable to be attacked 
by the wound parasite, Nectria ditissima, described and 
illustrated under Canker in the present volume. The 
treatment there suggested should be followed. 
Another wound-fungus is known as Polyporus (Fomes) 
fomentarius, or Tinder Fungus. The sporophores resemble 
the hoofs of horses, and are brownish at first, becoming 
greyish. At one time tinder was prepared from this 
species, the central portion of the sporophore being 
utilised. Many kinds of articles of wear have been 
manufactured from the Tinder Fungus. The sporophores 
should always be carefully removed from trees, and the 
part coated with tar. In bad cases nothing short of 
burning the tree will suffice. 
To seedling Beeches there is a species of Mildew 
(Phytophthora _omnivora), which proves exceedingly 
destructive. Though by no means confined to the genus 
Fagus, yet it is perhaps oftenest noticed in connection 
therewith. The seedlings show very characteristic dark 
blotches on the leaves; but sometimes the stems are also 
involved. Nothing short of removing all seedlings showing 
these blotches is of any use. Beds to which sun cannot 
penetrate are oftenest attacked, the conditions being more 
favourable for the development of the parasite. The 
disease is tided over by means of oospores. 
To the species described on p. 2, Vol. Il., the following 
varieties should be added: 
synonym of 
F. americana (American). A synonym of F. ferruginea. 
F. betuloides. The garden varieties latifolia (broad-leaved) 
and macrophylla (large-leaved) are in the Kew Collection. 
F. rotundifolia (round-leaved). A form of F. syivatica. 
F. sylvatica atropurpurea Rohani (Rohan’s dark purple)- 
1. similar to those of the Fern-leaved Beech in form, but like 
those of the Copper Beech (J. s. cuprea) in colour. 1894. A 
garden form. 
F. s. foliis-striatis (having striped leaves). This variety is 
said to have been discovered, in 1892, in a forest in Hessia. 
“Soon after opening the leaves show a regular golden striation, 
parallel with the nerves, and this striking appearance lasts till 
they fall off.” 
F. s. roseo-marginata (rosy-margined). 
with pink. 1888. 
F. s. rotundifolia (round-leaved). 7. roundish, closely set on 
the twigs. 1894. A distinct form, of upright growth. 
F. s. tricolor (three-coloured). 7. dark purplish-green, spotted 
with bright carmine-rose, and shaded with rosy-white. 1885. 
An ornamental garden variety. 
F. a Zlatia (Zlatia). A variety with golden-tinted leaves. 
1892. 
7., young ones edged 
FALKIA. Flowers small or mediocre, solitary, shortly 
pedunculate ; sepals five, imbricated ; corolla broadly cam- 
panulate, the limb five-angled or five-lobed. Leaves 
cordate, ovate, orbicular, or reniform, small. 
FALLOWING. Except in the case of foul land, 
Fallowing is not an advisable operation in the garden, as 
it means the loss of a season’s crop. The system of 
Fallowing is to deeply work the soil several times during 
the summer months, destroying the weeds, and afterwards 
expose it to the weather as much as possible. Usnally the 
soil is much poorer after the Fallowing, as being bare, or 
having had no crop during the year, no nitrogen will haye 
been absorbed from the atmosphere. 
FALSE. Similar in appearance only. 
FALSE ASPHODEL. See Tofieldia. 
FALSE BUGBANE. See Trautvetteria pal- 
mata. 
FALSE HELLEBORE. See Veratrum. 
= pees MITREWORT. ‘See Tiarella cordi- 
olia. 
FALSE RHUBARB. See Thalictrum flavum. 
FALSE SANDALWOOD. See Ximenia ameri- 
cana. 
Tae TINDER FUNGUS. See Polyporus, 
ol. . 
THE DICTIONARY OF GARDENING, 
FAMILY. Specifically, a group of plants more com- 
prehensive than a genus, but less so than an order. The 
word is, however, often used as a synonym of order; e.g., 
Orv. Cactacex, the Cactus Family. 
FARADAYA (named in hononr of Michael Faraday, 
the celebrated chemist, 1794-1867). Orb. Verbenacee. 
small genus (abont four species) of stove or greenhonse, 
tall-climbing, glabrous shrubs, natives of Australia, Fiji, 
New Gninea, &c. Flowers white, showy; calyx at first 
closed, ultimately cut into two or three yalvate lobes ; 
corolla tube exserted, enlarged above, the limb ample, 
spreading, four-cleft; stamens four, long-exserted; cymes 
many-flowered, disposed in a terminal, loosely corymbose 
panicle, or sessile at the nodes. Leaves opposite, entire, 
coriaceous. ‘Two species are in cultivation. They thrive 
in a rich loam, and require plenty of root room. ‘The 
branches should be allowed to spread close to the glass, 
in as light a position in the stove as possible. 
F. papuana (Papuan). jl. salver-shaped, disposed in corymbose 
panicles. J. lanceolate, bullate. Java, 
F. splendida (splendid). #7. large, in a terminal, corymbose 
panicle; calyx segments eight to ten lines long; corolla tube 
above lin. long, the lobes flat, nearly Zin. long. J. ovate, acu- 
minate, rounded or cordate at the base, 6in. to nearly 12in. long, 
prominently penniveined ; petioles lin. to 2in. long. Queensland. 
A tall, woody climber. 
FARAMEA. Syn. Anfoniana. Flowers white; in- 
florescence terminal, variable: calyx limb cup-shaped or 
almost tubular; corolla fannel-shaped or tubular, the lobes 
spreading or recurved; stamens four. Leaves opposite,” 
coriaceous or membranous, usually oblong or lanceolate. 
FARFUGIUM is included by Bentham and Hooker 
under Senecio (which see). 
FARINA. This name is often applied to the Pollen 
(which see) of a flower. 
FARMYARD AND STABLE MANURE. This 
substance differs from all artificial manures, and in several 
important particulars. Its value depends, first, on the 
materials of which it is formed ; secondly, on the condition 
of its formation ; and, thirdly, on the way it has been kept 
and treated until it is applied to the soil. . 
The materials of Farmyard or Stable Mannre are litter 
and the excreta of animals. That produced from young 
growing stock, or from milch cows, is not so good as that 
produced from old, or fattening animals. Then, again, that 
which is produced from underfed animals is of a very 
inferior description. Further, the composition of the excreta 
of domestic animals of varions kinds is different. The 
excrements of horses, which are fed with a more nitrogenised 
food than most other animals of the farm, are of a very 
fertilising and valuable character. The excrements of farm 
animals may be placed in the following order of manurial 
value: Horse-dung and sheep-dung are about equal; then 
dung from oxen and cow-dung; and, last, pig-dung. The 
dung of horses and sheep yields hotter and more rapidly- 
fermenting material than does the dung of oxen, cows, or 
igs. 
: Farmyard or Stable Manure is said to be a perfect 
fertiliser, because it contains all the elements necessary for 
supporting a healthy and vigorous growth of plants. It is 
a universal manure, because it universally produces these 
effects upon a great variety of soils and upon most deserip- 
tions of garden products. 
Another reason why itis so valuable is that it produces 
mechanical effects in the soil to which it is applied, from its 
mass of organic matter, which no artificial manure can 
accomplish. The important mechanical effects, especially 
of long dung on clay soils, are not to be underrated. Then, 
again, the vast amount of heat developed during the 
decomposition of dung is of immense yalne to the gardener 
for forcing purposes, and this cannot be attained by other 
chemical agents. 
Further, Farmyard and Stable Mannres furnish available 
humus and a mulch if they are spread upon the surface of 
the soil ; they also tend to increase the water-holding power 
of the soil, and to improve its texture and physical condition. 
It may here be stated that, so far as the humus matter of 
dung is beneficial to vegetation, it is only by its oxidation 
and nitrification, and a consequent supply of carbonic acid 
within the soil—a source of immense importance in the 
early stages of the life of a plant, and before it has developed 
