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1900 SUPPLEMENT—RECENT INTRODUCTIONS, &C. 375 
Fuchsia—continued. 
BALLET GIRI, tube and sepals scarlet, corolla white, one of the 
best ; BEAUTY OF EXETER, sepals red, with darker corolla ; BORE- 
ATTON, sepals scarlet or crimson, corolla purple; BUFTON, sepals 
scarlet, corolla rosy-white; CHAMPION OF THE WORLD, sepals 
coral-red, corolla deep purple; CHRISTOPHE COLOMB, sepals 
scarlet, well reflexed, corolla dark rosy-carmine, a grand 
variety; COMTE LEON TOLSTOI, sepals red, corolla dark 
blue; DororHy Fry, sepals crimson, corolla white, with 
crimson stamens, free; ELIZABETH MARSHALL, sepals scarlet, 
corolla white; EMILE SALLE, sepals bright red, corolla 
white, splendid variety; FORTUNA, sepals crimson, corolla 
white, marked crimson at the base; GENERAL SASSIER, 
sepals dark red, corolla deep violet ; GUSTAVE DoRE, sepals red 
and reflexed, corolla white; LA FRANCE, sepals bright red, 
reflexed, corolla bluish ; LouIS FAucoN, sepals scarlet, corolla 
purple ; MADAME BRUANT, sepals bright red, corolla light rose, 
Pee MERVEILLE, sepals coral-red, corolla dark blue; 
M. HERMITTE, sepals reddish-crimson, corolla blue; Mrs. E. G. 
HILL, sepals dark red, corolla creamy-white, one of the best ; 
PHENOMENAL, sepals red, corolla rich violet, extra large; ROSE 
PHENOMENAL, similar to PHENOMENAL, but with rose corolla ; 
ROSALIE, sepals and tube crimson, corolla white; SENATEUR 
BERLET, sepals bright carmine, corolla rich violet, large, fine 
form ; SERENA, sepals and tube rosy-pink, corolla rose ; 'THALIA, 
sepals coral-crimson, corolla white and semi-double. 
FUCHSIA (of Swartz). A synonym of Schradera 
(which see). 
FUCHSIA, CALIFORNIAN. See Zauschneria 
californica. 
FUCHSIA-FLOWERED GOOSEBERRY. ‘ee 
Ribes speciosum. 
So OnE. A synonym of Pheenix (which 
see). 
FULLER’S HERB. See Saponaria. 
FUMAGO VAGANS. See Syringa Fungi. 
FUMARIA. Several species formerly classed here- 
under are now referred to Corydalis. 
FUMIGATING. In Fomigators there has been a 
marked advance of late years, rendering the process 
much easier of accomplishment, as well as more deadly to 
animal life. In place of Fumigators made to burn tobacco- 
paper or rag, the house is filled with vapour by means of a 
spirit-lamp fitted under a dish-like receptacle containing 
liquids. The vapour given off is far more deadly to insects 
and other animals than is tobacco-smoke, and far less 
injurious to tender plants or foliage, the only exception in 
fruit houses being in the case of Muscat of Alexandria 
and Lady Downes Vines. These two varieties are 
frequently affected by vaporising insecticides. 
FUNGI. Of all pests these are the most complicated 
to the average gardener, as they are also the most 
numerous, and the most disastrous and far-reaching in 
their effects. As a proof of this latter, one has but to 
instance the Sleeping Disease of Tomatoes (Fusarium 
lycopersici), of which so much has lately been heard, both 
in Guernsey and in this country, where a whole season’s 
crop may have to be sacrificed owing to the seed having been 
obtained from a diseased source. To many gardeners the 
methods by which fungoid diseases are reproduced are 
eeeaely. Uaciows, and such visitations as Mildew of 
various kinds are attributed to chance, or oftener to 
weather influences. Then there is a still larger section 
who regard such diseases as ‘‘not proven,’ or their injurious 
properties as having been exaggerated. 
The gardener’s chief difficulty with all Fungi is that his 
first acquaintance with any is usually when much mischief 
has been done. His first indications are when the Fungus 
has existed sufficiently long to produce outward character- 
istics—like the familiar Mildew on the Strawberry, the 
“Rust”? on Chrysanthemum, or the Mushrooms on the 
roots of his orchard and landscape trees like Agaricus melleus 
(Armillaria mellea). Again, he does not seem able to 
reconcile the fact that such Fungi have forms of frnits, or 
spores, varying with the seasons ; each has its part to play 
in the reproduction, or it may be in the extension of the 
infected area, of the species. Then there are certain small 
Fungi (called hetercecious) which require two plants—some- 
times of widely different natural orders—to complete the 
cycle. The Gooseberry Rust (Acidiwm grossularix), whose 
orange-red patches are familiar upon the foliage and fruit 
of that plant, is but the Cluster-Cup stage of Puccinia 
Pringsheimiana, whose other stages are found upon Carex 
acuta and Carex Goodenovi; while the Rust found on the 
leaves and other parts of Barberries is likewise a stage 
Fungi—continued. 
in the life-history of a still more destructive Fungus known 
as Wheat Rust (Puccinia graminis). These are only two 
familiar examples of hetercecious Fungi. 
Parasitic Fungi reproduce their kind in various ways. One 
of the commonest, however, is by means of fruits which are 
equivalent to the seeds of flowering plants, though differing 
from them in never enclosing an embryo, or young plant. 
They, moreover, are of more than one kind, each, as 
previously stated, having a particular part to fulfil. The 
forms of fruits (or rather the appearance of the plants when 
such fruits are ripe) with which the gardener is familiar are 
the spring and summer ones. The winter fruit is absolutely 
unknown because, being a resting stage, it is passed in the 
soil, or it may be in the decaying parts of the plant, until 
the following season, when it resumes activity, and only 
needs to come in contact with a host-plant whose parts are 
favourable to its development, to commence again the cycle 
of life. The summer form of frnit is produced very rapidly, 
and as it is scattered so readily in various ways, unless the 
surrounding plants of the same kind are protected in some 
way they are sure to fall victims. Thus it is that spraying 
with a fungicide a house of plants from which say one 
unhealthy one has been remoyed, is of the utmost value, as 
it renders the susceptible parts non-susceptible. In other 
words, the fruit which is carried—it may be on the leaves— 
will not germinate, even though the conditions generally are 
favourable. Still, with every precaution taken, so minute 
are the bodies responsible for reproduction, and so difficult 
is it to be certain that all parts of the plant liable to 
infestation are covered, that some of the summer fruits are 
likely to find a place and go on extending the disease. A 
second spraying in ten days or so might therefore be 
adopted. When, however, plants in houses or outside have 
been known to be attacked one season, it will usually pay 
to spray early in spring, even as a precautionary measure. 
Many gardeners omit to do this, which accounts possibly 
for their failure to battle with many a fangoid disease. 
A very popular notion prevails that once a plant attacked 
with Fungus dies, the trouble is at an end. This is, 
however, far from being the case, as the majority of the 
most troublesome diseases are tided over the resting period 
of the plant by the winter fruits already alluded to. For 
this reason the grower cannot be too particular in getting 
rid of every particle of rubbish—leayes, prunings, &c.—by 
burning, returning the ashes to the soil. This will mini- 
mise considerably the trouble from such a source; while, if 
it is possible to apply a dressing of lime in winter beneath 
trees so affected, this would further help the grower to 
battle with the disease. 
Other means of reproducing such diseases of Parasitic 
Fungi are by the mycelium, or vegetative part of the plant. 
For this reason where trees are attacked by Fungi like 
Armillaria mellea, Trametes pini, &e., the practice of 
isolating such by means of trenches is adopted. Hartig, in 
his excellent work upon ‘‘ The Diseases of Trees,” says that 
if this is carefully carried ont it is a certain preventive 
against the spread of the disease. 
Another most prolific source of reproduction is found in 
Sclerotia, which are produced by certain Fungi affecting 
Potatoes, Marrows, Beans, and many buibous plants. As - 
the name suggests, they consist of hard structures, which 
are of variable size, colour, and form. Frequently, how- 
ever, they are roundish or oval and black; they are also 
numerous. It is within the last few years that Sclerotia 
in connection with several well-known fungoid diseases have 
been discovered—the Lily Disease for instance. In this 
Prof. Marshall Ward compares them to mice-droppings, and 
suggests how readily they might be mistaken for ‘‘ foreign 
bodies.”” Then there is an extremely troublesome Fungus 
popularly called the Sclerotium disease (Sclerotinus 
Sclerotiorum), which affects a host of plants, the Sclerotia 
being of large size. Burning those affected is all that can 
be done. 
Sclerotia are sometimes found only in dead plants; at 
others only in living ones. In no case, howeyer, do they 
resume activity until the host-plant itself is well advanced. 
Usually they rest in the soil through the winter, the hard, 
outer coat serving to protect the soft, inner contents of 
felted mycelinm from frost and cold. 
Mention has already been made of the desirability of 
collecting and burning all rubbish, such as leaves and 
prunings; fallen fruits should be included in the same 
category. Cuttings from plants infested with Fungi should 
