424 
Hessea—continued. 
species described on p. 139, Vol. II., the following should 
be added : 
H. Duparquetiana (Duparquet’s). jl. about twenty in an 
umbel ; perianth 2in. long, with a short tube; segments white, 
with a carmine keel, flat, narrow; pedicels 4in. long; peduncle 
as thick as a finger. J. lorate, lft. long at the flowering 
period. Kalahari region, South Africa. Syn. Imhosia Dupar- 
quetiana. 
HESSEA (of Bergius). 
(which see). 
HESSIAN FLY (Cecidomyia destructor). Though 
known in America for upwards of a century and a 
quarter, and on the Continent of Europe for over half a 
century, it was not until 1886 that this insect was dis- 
coyered in England. As its specific name suggests, it is 
very destructive, the crops laid under contribution being 
Wheat, Barley, and Rye. As, too, it will also attack 
several of the grasses found in pastures, it is a very 
undesirable insect to establish itself. The name Hessian 
Fly was bestowed upon it as long ago as the War of 
Independence, at which time it was said to have been 
introduced by the Hessian troops. 
Cereals attacked by the Hessian Fly present a very 
characteristic appearance, as they bend down as if storm- 
laid. This is due to the larye attacking the stem at 
points where the leaves encircle it, preferably, it seems, 
low down. Here it extracts the nutriment to such an 
extent that the stem is so weak as to be unable to stand 
up, and the ears of corn, if they are produced, are but 
miserable specimens. The perfect insects are minute 
Midges (2mm. to 3mm. in length), and therefore quite 
inconspicuous. They vary as to colour with the sexes, 
and also in individuals, but usually they are a velvety- 
black, with a pink or brownish abdomen, marked into black 
squares. The insects are on the wing in early summer. In 
America Cecidomyia destructor is double-brooded, but in 
this country only one brood is usually hatched. 
The larva shorly before becoming a pupa has the 
power of exnding a peculiar substance, from which it 
evolves a most extraordinary case that may be likened 
unto Flax seed. In this it slonghs the larval skin, and 
becomes a pupa. It is frequently stated that the pupa 
state is assumed in the shrunken skin of the larva, but 
this is not the case, as the latter may be found 
distinct from the pupa in the Flax seed-like puparia. 
As remedial measures are practically hopeless, the 
cultivator has to rely upon prevention and Nature. In 
the latter case he is aided by several destructive 
parasites of the Hessian Fly, one Enropean species in 
particular, Semiotellus nigripes, being of the greatest 
benefit, and it has been imported into various parts of 
America on that account. There are numbers of others. 
Early sowing of Wheat and Barley is recommended, as 
it has been found that late-sown cereals are more 
liable to attack, as in the former case (say in ee 2) 
the perfect insects are not in evidence. Thick-strawe 
cereals are also advocated, and those varieties which’ to 
a certain extent are insect-resisting. Burning the stubble 
is by some adyocated as a precautionary measure if carried 
out in a systematic manner, commencing at the edges of 
field. Others, however, say that, by burning, the useful 
parasites to which attention has been directed are like- 
wise destroyed. All fields should be kept clear of grass 
weeds ; and, according to Griffiths, land dressed with a 
manure consisting of nitrate of soda 2cwt. and agricul- 
tural salt $ewt. to the acre, will prove of immense benefit. 
HETERANTHERA. Syns. Buchosia, Leptanthus. 
Of the three species introduced, H. limosa is the best 
known. 
HETEROCERA. See Moths. 
HETERODERA RADICICOLA. One of the most 
destructive species of Eelworms, and responsible for the 
galls found upon the roots of many vegetables and frnits, 
but especially npon Tomatoes, Cucumbers, and Vines. 
See Eelworms. 
HETERODERA SCHACHTII. 
Worms. 
HETERGCIOUS. Fungi are said to be hetercecions 
when they are parasitic upon different plants at different 
stages—e.g., Gymnosporangium, several species of which 
require two widely distinct plants in order to complete the 
eycle of life. 
A synonym of Carpolyza 
See Nematoid 
THE DICTIONARY OF GARDENING, 
“ 
HETEROPAPPUS. UH. decipiens is a form of 
H. hispidus. 
HETEROPHLEBIUM. Included under Pteris 
(which see). 
HETEROSPERMUM (from heferos, variable, and 
sperma, seed). ORD. Composite. A small genns (five 
species) of small, hardy or half-hardy annuals, mostly 
natives of the warmer parts of America, allied to Coreopsis 
(which see for culture). Flower-heads yellow, small, the 
three to five rays little exserted. Leaves opposite, 
pinnately or ternately dissected, or sometimes undivided. 
HA. Xanti (Syn. H.. Xanthii, R. G. 1898, p. 429, f. 79) is 
described as a dwarf-growing, hardy, Californian annual, 
much resembling the well-known Sanvitalia procumbens. 
HETEROSPORIUM ECHINULATUM. See 
Carnation Fairy Ring Spot. 
HETEROSTALIS. Included under Typhonium 
(which see). 
HETEROTAXIS. Included under Maxillaria 
(which see). 
HETEROTHRIX. A synonym of Echites (which 
see). 
HETEROTOMA. 
genus. 
HETEROTRICHUM (from heteros, variable, and 
thria, trichos, hair ; in allusion to the variable hairs on the 
leaves). Orv. Melastomacez. A genus embracing half-a- 
dozen species of stove, often hispid-pilose or glandular 
shrubs, natives of Guiana, Colombia, and the West Indies. 
Flowers white or pink, small or rather large, in terminal 
or rarely lateral panicles; petals six to eight ; stamens 
twelve or indefinite. Leaves petiolate, ample, ovate-cordate 
or oblong, entire or serrulated. H. macrodon, the only 
species calling for mention here, thrives in a compost of 
sandy loam and peat, and may be increased by cuttings. 
H. macrodon (long-toothed). . in terminal cymes of ten to 
twelve; petals pure white, red at base, obovate, imbricated ; 
stamens sixteen. Autumn. /. pphosite but very unequal, cordate- 
ovate, acuminate, dentate-toothed, seven-nerved, paler beneath. 
Branches and stalks covered with rufous hairs. h. 7ft. to 9ft. 
Caraccas and Colombia. (B. M. 4421.) 
HETEROTRICHUM (of Bieberstein). 
under Saussurea (which see). 
HETEROTROPA. ‘See Asarum. 
HEUCHERA. Those kinds, like H. hispida, which 
are grown for their foliage shonld have their flowers 
pinched out. The Heucheras may be effectively employed 
upon rockeries. They may be divided in either autumn 
or spring. 
To the species described on p. 140, Vol. II., the following 
should be added: 
H. brizoides (Briza-like). A garden hybrid between Tiarella 
purpurea and Heuchera sanguinea. 1897. 
H. pilosissima (very pilose). //l., petals linear, twice the length 
of the teeth of the sub-globose calyx. J. ovate-cordate, rather 
obtusely lobed, toothed. California. Plant sub-caulescent, very 
villous with long, spreading, glandular hairs. 
H. rosea (rosy). A garden hybrid between H. pilosissima and 
H. sanguinea, 1893. 
4 ea alba (white).* This form differs from the type 
in having pure white flowers. 1896. (I. H. 1896, p. 334, f. 32.) 
H. s. grandiflora (large-flowered). ‘This has flowers of a larger 
size and more brilliant colour than the type. ; 
H. s. splendens (splendid). Another improvement upon the 
type as regards colour. 
HEUDELOTIA. A synonym of Balsamodendron 
(which see). 
HEVEA. JH. quianensis (Syns. Siphonia Cahuchu and 
C. elastica) furnishes the Brazilian or Bottle Rubber of 
commerce. 
HEWARDIA. Included under Adiantum (which 
see), the correct name of H. adiantoides being A. Hewardia. 
HEWITTIA BICOLOR. 
Palmia bicolor (which see). 
HEX. In Greek compound words this signifies six; 
e.g., Hexandrous (having six stamens), Hexagynous (having 
six styles). 
Myopsis is synonymous with this 
The correct name of 
Included — 
