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1900 SUPPLEMENT—RECENT INTRODUCTIONS, &C. 
439 
IANTHE (of Salisbury). 
(which see). 
IBERIS. This genus embraces about forty species of 
annual, biennial, or perennial herbs or under-shrubs. 
Siliquas flat-compressed, ovate at base, entire or emarginate 
at apex. To the species described on pp. 171-2, Vol. IL., 
the following should be added: 
I. affinis (related). A synonym of I. pandureformis. 
I. contracta (contracted). jl. white. May. jr. in a much- 
contracted corymb. J. linear, slightly cuneate, toothed. 
Stems glabrous, sub-shrubby. A. 6in. Spain, 1824. There is a 
form rosea, with rose-coloured flowers. ; 
I. corifolia (Coris-leaved).* jl. white, small. This pretty 
species in general appearance resembles J, sempervirens, but 
is of a much dwarfer character, not exceeding Sin. in height 
I. florida (flowery). A synonym of J. semperflorens. 
I. Lagascana (Lagasca’s). #. white, in compact corymbs. 
May to July. /r., siliquas sub-corymbose, very acutely bilobed. 
2. oblong, somewhat spathulate, toothed at apex. A. 8in. to 
12in. Murcia, &c. Annual. Syn. J. pubescens. 
I. linifolia (Linum-leaved).  . pink, in hemispherical, 
terminal corymbs. June to September. /r., siliquas corym- 
bose, bidentate. J. linear, entire; radical ones somewhat 
toothed. A. 8in. to 12in. Spain, &c. Plant glabrous, annual 
or perennial. 
I. pandurzformis (fiddle-shaped). jl. white, in dense, umbelli- 
form racemes. jr., siliquas rounded-ovate. /. dark een, 
ciliated-pubescent or nearly pianrons, pinnatifid, with linear, 
obtuse lobes. Branches simple or corymbose. h. 6in. to 12in. 
Central France. Annual or biennial, Syn. J. afinis. 
I. petrza (rock-loving).* A variety of J. Tenoreana. 
A synonym of Hypoxis 
ie aoa (pinnate).* jl. white, scented, corymbose. /r., 
siliquas in a short, often umbelliform raceme. Jl. oblong-linear, 
pinnatifid or pinnatipartite; segments linear, obtuse. h. 6in. 
to 12in. Central and Southern Europe. Annual or biennial. 
I. pubescens (downy). A synonym of I. Lagascana. 
I. stylosa (large-styled). A synonym of Noccea stylosa. 
I. Tenoreana petrza (rock-loving).* . white, tinged with 
red in the centre. A pretty rockery variety. 
Varieties. Of the annual Candytufts many handsome 
garden yarieties are to be had, some of the best being 
Blush Queen, Dunnetti, Giant-Flowered, Normandy, and 
Tom Thumb White. The last, growing only about 6in., 
makes a pretty edging plant. 
IBIDIUM. A synonym of Spiranthes (which see). 
ICACO. A synonym of Chrysobalanus (which see). 
ICACOREA. Included under Ardisia (which see). 
I, guianensis is synonymous with A. acuminata. 
ICHNEUMON FLIES. Ordinarily these are 
supposed to consist of members of the Ichnewmonidzx 
proper; but the term may be said to embrace the closely- 
allied family Braconide, which latter may be broadly 
distinguished from the former by the number of cells 
which traverse the wing. In the former they are three, 
and in the latter four. There are many other microscopic 
differences, which it would serve no good purpose to discuss 
here. In their life-histories these two families have much 
in common, the larve of each living parasitically in the 
bodies of laryw, or it may be of pupa, or less often in the 
perfect insects themselves. Belonging to the Braconidz 
is a most useful and most abundant species in Apanteles 
glomeratus (Fig. 460), which is largely responsible for 
Fic. 460. APANTELES GLOMERATUS (ICHNEUMON FLY OF 
WHITE BUTTERFLIES). 
keeping in check the very numerous White Butterflies 
(Pieris), whose larve feed chiefly upon Cabbages. The 
appearance of these ‘‘ichneamoned” larve is very 
familiar, the yellowish cocoons of the parasite being weil 
in evidence. <A. glomeratus deposits its eggs upon the 
Ichneumon Flies—continued. 
unfortunate host, and the parasitic larve work into the 
living insects. ‘They do not, as is popularly supposed, 
eat them alive, but feed upon the non-yital parts. The 
lepidopterous larve continue to feed, and if anything 
with greater voracity, until they are about to become 
pup, when they usually die. Occasionally, however, the 
parasites are found upon-the pupe as well as upon the 
imagines when they emerge. Fig. 460 gives an idea of 
the outward conformation of A. glomeratus, though in the 
process of reproduction the series of cells upon the 
wings haye been obliterated. 
In the Ichnewmonide proper are insects which live as 
parasites even upon wood-feeding insects like Sirea, 
found in decaying Conifers of various kinds. These belong 
to the genera Rhyssa and Thalassa, and are provided with 
long ovipositors, so constructed as to enable them to bore. 
As showing the great value of Ichnenmon Flies in preserving 
the balance, it may be cited that no less than fifty species 
are parasitic upon that pest of the fruit cultivator, the 
Winter Moth; that upwards of 1200 species of the 
Ichneumonide alone are indigenous to this country; and 
that 1200 specimens of one parasite haye been bred from a 
single lepidopterous larva. This latter statement is on the 
authority of Dr. Sharp. 
ICICA. A synonym of Bursera (which see). 
ICTODES. A synonym of Symplocarpus (which 
see). 
IDRIA COLUMNARIA. This is probably identical 
with Fouquiera spinosa (which see). 
IGUANURA SPERANSKYANA. According to 
the Kew authorities, this is probably the correct name 
of ue plant described as Geonoma Pynertiana (which 
see). 
ILEX. In addition to seeds, budding, and grafting, the 
varieties of Ilex may also be very successfully increased 
by cuttings of the current season’s matured wood, 2in. or 
3in. long, dibbled in sandy soil on a warm, sheltered 
border in August, and covered with hand-lights or a 
frame. The lower leaves should be removed, and a clean 
cut with a sharp knife made just below a joint. It is 
yery important that the euttings should be made quite 
firm at the base. Water with a fine rose water-pot twice 
or three times a week, and shade from the sun with 
tiffany, mats, &c. Beyond giving a chink of air 
occasionally to allow superfluous moisture to escape, 
very little ventilation will be necessary until the cuttings 
have callused and roots are being emitted. Plants raised 
from cuttings are rather slow in growth for a season or 
two, but when properly established they grow just as 
freely as worked plants, and for some reasons are to be 
preferred to those raised by budding or grafting, the 
latter being more or less troublesome on account of the 
suckers and growths which appear on the stock below 
the scion. The pendulous varieties may be worked at 
the desired height from the ground-line on stocks of the 
common species. 
In transplanting Hollies, it is always advisable to lift 
them with good balls of earth, and preserve the roots 
intact. This operation is best performed in early autumn, 
while the atmosphere is charged with moisture, as the 
trees then have sufficient time in which to make fresh roots 
before winter.sets in, and in spring they will start into 
growth without feeling a check. Avoid planting in very 
dry, windy weather ; but if it is carried out at such a time, 
give a good watering at the roots and overhead as soon as 
planting is completed. If the weather remains dry, 
repeat the waterings at intervals. Hollies are considerably 
improved by frequent transplantings, as they are then 
encouraged to make large quantities of fibrous roots, which 
would not be the case if the plants were left undisturbed 
for protracted periods during the first few years of their 
existence. 
To the species and varieties described on pp. 174-7, 
Vol. II., the following should be added : 
I. canadensis (Canadian). A 
synonym of Nemopanthes 
canadensis. 
I. caroliniana (Carolina). A synonym of J. Cassine. 
I. Cassine. J. caroliniana, I. floridana, and I. vomitoria are 
synonymous with this species. 
