— —_——- 
TT. = 
1900 SUPPLEMENT—RECENT INTRODUCTIONS, 
&c. 469 
Landscape Gardening—continued. 
to give to a garden a mountainous aspect by creating a 
rushing stream, dashing in cascades over rocks: it would 
be offensive to both the sight and the imagination. The 
Landseape-gardener must study the general aspect of the 
situation, the nature of the soil, the altitude, the climate, 
and the local vegetation. He must think what will be 
the aspect of his creation thirty or forty years hence, 
when the trees will be in the fulness of their develop- 
ment, in order to be able to judge of the correctness of 
his conceptions. Fall attention must be devoted to the 
views which may be commanded over the neighbourhood, 
or in the garden or park itself. Everything which he 
considers pleasant and picturesque—as, for instance, a 
view of a church, a ruin, water, or any agreeable feature 
of a landscape—must be utilised to the best advantage. 
He can heighten the effect of such views by directing 
the line of sight between narrow openings amongst trees. 
The area of a garden may be made to appear larger than 
it really is, and boundaries may be so dissimulated that 
the garden may appear to embrace the whole of the 
surrounding Landscape. The boundary walls and fence 
may be clothed with Ivy: hedges may be kept low; or 
again, they may be set in a ditch so as to be completely 
hidden when viewed from a certain distance. 
The gardener should bear in mind that trees serve to 
frame the view, and give, by the variation of their 
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Fic. 487. PLAN OF A COUNTRY RESIDENCE. 
A, Mansion; B, Stables, close to the servants’ entrance, hidden from the Mansion by thick 
plantations ; C, Gardener's Cottage, opposite to the Stables ; D, Greenhouses, one lean-to 
and two span-roof houses; E, Kitchen Garden, surrounded by walls, against which are 
trained fruit-trees ; F, Lodge; G, Main Entrance; H, Bridges; L, Water Pump and Engine 
House; M, Reservoir; N, Summer-house. (The dotted lines are the lines of sight.) 
i Se my 
RAW 
Landscape Gardening—continuwed. 
forms and colours, light and shade to the picture. By 
these helps the lines of sight may be broken, thus 
imparting life to a Landscape, and preventing even the 
most beautiful views from becoming monotonous. In 
some cases a view hidden by trees may be brought into 
sight, while at the same time the most charming effects 
may be created, by making openings amidst the trees by 
cutting down branches, or, when necessary, by altogether 
removing the trees which intercept the view. If recourse 
be had to the latter expedient, the gardener must make 
sure before sacrificing a tree that the general aspect will 
benefit thereby, as any mistake in that direction cannot 
afterwards be easily rectified; he should well consider, 
too, the number of years a tree takes to attain its full 
development. 
The choice of a site for the house in respect to the 
points of the compass is of the greatest importance. It 
must come before every other consideration; it must 
eyen take precedence of the view, as the comfort of the 
dwelling, which must never be undervalued, depends 
largely on its aspect. It is not easy to state the best 
position to meet every case; but, all things considered, 
perhaps a south-easterly one presents the most adyan- 
tages. A house facing the south on that side gets too 
much sun in the summer, while the side facing north 
gets none in the winter. With a south-easterly position, 
however, every side gets the benefit 
of the sun. Fig. 487 gives the plan 
of a country residence, embodying 
the usual accessories. 
The gardener has also to con- 
sider the approaches in their 
relation to public roads leading 
to, say, the railway-station, the 
post-office, or the church. They 
must appear to lead as directly as 
possible to the intended points. 
PRELIMINARY OPERATIONS. 
When the formation of a garden 
has been decided upon, the first 
operation will be a careful study 
of the ground, with the plan of 
the site at hand. If such a plan 
does not exist, one must be made 
before any other work can proceed. 
The plan is taken off after the 
manner adopted by surveyors. It 
is not proposed here to go into a 
detailed description of this opera- 
tion. Suffice it to say that, in the 
ordinary way, a line is first staked 
which will serve as a working- 
base. From this line the surface 
is measured out, transforming it, 
according to requiremenis, into 
squares, trapeziums, and triangles, 
and the results are taken note of, 
and drawn. The situation and 
area of any existing buildings, the 
exact position of the trees, &c., 
must all be noted. When this has 
been done, the levels of the ground 
haye to be similarly dealt with, 
sections being taken of the prin- 
cipal parts of the area, both longi- 
tudinally and transversely ; well- 
defined figures of the lines followed 
by the surface of the ground being 
thus obtained. 
The best position for the house, 
if it has to be erected, must be 
fixed in relation to the point of 
the compass, the outlook, the 
natural shelter, the surrounding 
views, and the height of the 
situation. The conveniences of 
communication with the neigh- 
bourhood, the form and the nature 
of the soil, and the sites of the 
various buildings which it is in- 
tended to erect, have all to be 
considered. The natural advan- 
tages of the situation, which will 
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