472 
THE DICTIONARY OF GARDENING, 
Landscape Gardening—continued. 
perpendicular to AB, is found. A similar result may be 
obtained by tracing a circle from each extremity of the 
line AB with radins EF. ‘The two ares of the circles 
will meet in D, from which the perpendicular to AB may 
be traced to ©. This latter method may be used to 
advantage on a flat 
E surface, while the 
4 former is preferable 
‘ on uneven ground. 
' (2) To trace a per- 
' pendicular at the ex- 
\ tremity of a straight 
\ 
| 
HAs line (Fig. 496): In 
ig arg cos the line AB a peg (C) 
ie ‘| is inserted anywhere, 
Sen ee eS, Land the moses ofthe 
A Cc B garden line are passed 
over the pegs B, C. 
These are drawn tight 
till the knot made 
in the middle gives 
the point D, where 
another peg is inserted. The noose over the peg B is 
then taken off, and by putting it in a line with DC the 
extremity of the garden line will give the point HE, the 
line from which to B is 
perpendicular with AB. 
(3) To trace on the ground 
an angle or triangle (Fig. 
497): A line (AB), in this 
case 20ft. long, is measured. 
Then a garden line, 20ft. 
long, is fastened at A, and 
another, 8ft. long, at B. t 
Both free ends are joined 
eapentier, and ge point oI A B 
is found, giving the apex o E Tife Gite tee 
FReirion ele, MN he tietic: Fic. 497. TRACING A TRIANGLE. 
angle is to be equilateral, it 
can be traced by Example No. 1, used to find the per- 
pendicular, or by this method with lines of equal length. 
- (4) To trace with the 
D CG garden line a_ rectangle 
‘ (Fig. 498): At B in the 
line AB, 20ft. long, for 
instance, a perpendicular 
| (BC), 8ft. long, is traced. 
A B Another line, 20ft. long, is 
fastened at the peg at C; 
Fic. 498. TRACING A Recrancie, 204 a third one, of B8ft., at 
the peg at A, both ends 
: being joined in D. 
(5) To trace with a garden line a regular polygon: 
say Fig. 499, representing a pentagon, ABECD, is to be 
reproduced. The line AB and the 
-line AC are measured; with these 
measures the triangle (ABC) may 
be traced by Example shown at 
Fig. 497. Two lines, equal in length D 
to AB, are fastened by one end in 
A and in C, and by joining the other 
ends together the point D is found, 
while, proceeding similarly on the : 
other side, the point E is found. 
(6) To trace with a garden line A 
a circle or an arc of a circle: A yyq 499, TRacING A 
peg is placed in the centre, and RrGuLar POLYGON. 
the noose of a string, equal to the 
radius (the half of the diameter), is passed over it, the 
tracing being done by 
moving round with a 
stick fixed at the other 
end of the tightened 
string. 
(7) To trace an ellipse, 
of which only the major 
axis is known (Fig. 500) : 
The line AB is divided 
into three equal parts 
at E and F, With the 
length of one of those 
parts as radins, and the 
points E, F, as centres, 
Fic. 496. TRACING WITH A GARDEN LINE 
A PERPENDICULAR AT THE EXTREMITY 
OF A STRAIGHT LINE, 
Fic. 500. TRACING AN ELLIPSE. 
(First Method.) 
Landscape Gardening—continued. 
two circles are traced, of which the circumferences cut 
each other in C and D. From C, two diameters of the 
circles are traced, of course passing through the centres, 
E, F, and meeting the circumferences in I, J. A similar 
operation is performed from D. From the point C as 
centre, and the diameter 
CJ as radius, the two 
circles are joined by an 
arc, which will meet them 
inland J, and this may 
be repeated from D at A 
GH. Another way: The 
major axis (AB) being 
given (Fig. 501), at rather 
less than a third of that 
line from the end, a peg 
is inserted as at C. That 
distance’ is measured 
from B, and a peg in- 
serted at D. A string 
is fastened at C and D, and put loosely over B. Then 
a stick (E) is put in the loop, and moved round the foci 
C and D in one direction, the string being kept tant. 
cee is by far the easiest method to practise on a large 
scale. 
(8) To trace with a garden line an ellipse of which 
the major and minor axes are known (Fig. 502): The 
major axis AB is divided in E into two equal parts by 
Fic. 501. TRACING AN ELLIPSE. 
(Second Method.) 
the half of CD, and measnr- 
ing it on AB, will give AF. 
FE is then divided into three 
equal parts, of which one is 
measured in Gon FA. The 
length AG is then also 
measured on BE, giving the 
point H. With the garden 
line two equilateral triangles 
are traced according to Ex- 
ample 3, having as common 
base GH, and as apices I 
and J respectively, the sides 
being produced. With GA 
as radius, the are KAL, and 
with HB, the are MBN, are traced. The ellipse is then 
completed by tracing two other ares having as centre I 
and J, and touching the previously-traced ares at the 
points L, K, M, and N. 
With these examples most of the plain figures of a 
geometrical garden may be traced, even if the gardener 
has no other instruments at hand than line and pegs. 
The tracing of orchards and fruit and kitchen gardens 
is, as a rule, very easy. The right angle is the domi- 
nating feature, and great care must be taken in well 
fixing the axes and their perpendiculars. When the 
tracing of a regular garden has to be executed on very 
inclined ground, it must be done according to the 
horizontal plane. The principal point of the tracing, 
and especially the lines of operations, will have to be 
fixed by stretching garden lines well tightened in a 
horizontal direction, while with the plumb the exact 
places for the pegs are indicated. The pegs or poles 
used must be of such a length that a part may be left 
in sight till all the work is done, even if the other part 
should be hidden by the filled ground. 
Levet. When the tracing has been executed, the 
points of leyel which will have to guide the formation 
of the earthwork have to be fixed. In the scheme of 
transformation, the levels fixing the different gradients 
of altitude, and describing the original lines followed 
by the surface of the ground—obtained when taking off 
the plan of situation, and when making the study of 
the ground—have been altered or rectified. 
The principal points of level are fixed with a 
theodolite or with a water-level, and the intermediate 
points with borning-rods. The last-named consist of 
three pieces of wood, 4ft. long and 2in. wide, with a 
strip of board placed exactly at right angles across their 
tops. They are used in the following manner: Given two 
points of level the operator, with the help of two men, 
sets his rod on one point while a man holds his upright 
on the other point. The second man holds his in the 
line at the intermediate point. The operator then looks 
E 
: 
. 
7 
Fie. 502. TRACING AN ELLIPSE. 
(Third Method.) 
the minor axis CD; taking” 
