474 THE DICTIONARY 
OF GARDENING, 
Landscape Gardening—continued. 
park is hidden either by sinking the carriage-drive, by 
raising banks along the garden, or by planting; there- 
fore, the space in front of the house must be large 
enough to pormit of carriages making a cirenit as easily 
as possible—say not less than 30ft. for a small honse, or 
100ft. for a large one. There must also be enough space 
on either side of the porch to allow carriages to draw 
close to the steps. Fig. 504, after MacIntosh, represents 
a house (A) confined on the side of the entrance in a 
narrow space by a -wall 
(B). The drive (C) skirts 
a circular turfed space 
(D). Both sides are 
planted with compact 
groups of shrubs. In 
Fig. 505 there are two 
big groups (H, F) at the 
entrance, and a third at 
G; the house is hidden 
by those groups withont 
being itself deprived of 
air or of view. The last 
two examples are only 
suitable for small gar- 
dens. Fig. 506 shows a 
good design of drive (A), 
a bad one being shown 
by the dotted lines (B). 
Tue WALKS AND THE 
Parus, like the drive, 
are governed by a very 
few general rnles, though 
they present a_ great 
variety of forms. They must lead in a natural and 
agreeable way to any place of interest—say, to one com- 
manding a good view over the country, or having itself 
‘a picturesque aspect: to a tree, to some water, or to 
a playground, Alternate curves are a necessity, as they 
enable one to view an object under different aspects, 
but their number must not be greater than is strictly 
necessary. On hilly ground the curves and turnings will 
have to be more numerous. The width of a walk is, as 
a rule, S8ft., and of a path 4ft. Their edges must be 
kept strictly parallel, and must never be crooked, as they 
are sometimes seen in gardens. 
Fic. 505. APPROACH AFTER HUGHES. 
Fia. 506. 
Two or more walks and paths need not in their forms 
follow definite shapes, as the delineation of such would 
be hidden by the plantations. One alley must not run 
into another at right angles, but their axes, as before 
stated, must join harmonionsly. It must (Fig. 507) join 
obliquely after such an angle that the direction of 
B may be taken naturally, but at the same time one 
should also be able to turn with ease towards C if one 
chooses to take that direction. When an alley (A) 
divides, each of the two branches (B and C) must take at 
once a decided opposite direction in order not to leave 
any donbt about its destination (Fig. 507). Such a dis- 
position as that shown in Fig. 508 must be avoided. The 
Goop (A) AND BAD (B) DISPOSITIONS OF AN APPROACH. 
Landscape Gardening—continued. 
separation is seen at once to be unnecessary, as the two 
branches show that they will meet again at a short distance. 
In the formal garden the alleys not only characterise 
of garden. 
&e., 
but create the kind 
borders, flower-beds, 
harmony with the 
architectural lines of 
the house, and the 
former must have their 
axes in common with 
the latter. There must 
be a marked delinea- 
tion of the limits of the 
formal and the Land- 
seape Garden, in the 
form of _ balusters, 
steps, or banks. 
If the formation of 
the drives, walks, and 
paths is very carefully 
attended to, it will 
afterwards be much 
easier to keep them 4 
in good order, The lines forming the widths of the drive 
must be well defined, and that width dug ont. The depth 
of the depression and the thickness of the road material 
depend on the use to 
fos ee which the road is in- 
w & 
fe, ©@ 
Their turfed grass 
terraces, must be in strict 
C 
Fic. 507. Goon BIFURCATION. 
main drive, on which 
= there is likely to be 
(sp a lot of carriage 
3 traffic, must be made 
as solid, and main- 
tained in the same 
condition, as a public 
4h “67 road ; it will require 
20 a layer of broken 
(ee : stones or rough 
recs gravel 6in. to 10in. 
Fic. 508. Bap BIFURCATION. thick. Other kinds 
of porous material, 
in the form of broken 
bricks, clinkers, or burnt ballast, may be first employed, 
and these may be covered by a thin layer of the first- 
named material. A 
drive 14ft. in width 
tended to be put. A 
. 
should have a 
“crown”? of 3in. 
The materials 
named must be well 
rolled down, and 
watered at the 
same time, in order 
to get them to bind 
well. The weight 
of the roller to be 
used depends on 
the thickness and 
quality of the road 
material employed, 
the slopes of the 
ground, and the 
number of horses 
to be used to draw 
it. It is not ad- 
visable to use a 
horse-roller heavier 
than four tons, as 
it will require too 
many horses, and these wonld cause too much cutting 
up. Should a heavier one be required, a steam-roller is 
preferable. The lightest of these weigh ten tons, and 
good and solid work is done with them. When the 
roller has gone several times over the surface, a thin 
coat of fine, good binding gravel should be spread 
over, rolled, and watered, filling as well as possible 
all the cavities, and thus forming a solid and smooth 
surface. 
For a walk, 3in. to 4in. of rongh gravel, with a 
crown of 2sin., is sufficient. A path requires just enongh 
fine gravel to keep it dry. Drives or walks traversing 
damp spots or following the falling ground have to be 
