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1900 SUPPLEMENT—RECENT INTRODUCTIONS, 
&c. “657 
Scale Insects—continued. 
Cinerarias, Petunias, and Celosias. Here the writer has 
seen them upon Lantanas only. 
Mr. Fernald thus describes the adult female (see 
Fig. 662, a): Body is broadly oval, and from 12mm. 
wide by 15mm. in length, and varies in colour from 
ochreous mottled with very dark, dull green between ~ 
the segments to an almost uniform dark, dull green. 
The surface of the body is partially concealed by plates 
(lamellz) of a wax-like substance. The first of these 
plates is somewhat triangular in outline, and projects 
slightly forward; the second and the third are shorter 
and broader than the first, and project outwardly ; while 
those from the fourth on are narrower and longer, and 
are curved downwards and backwards over the marsupium. 
There is also a series of plates on the ventral surface. 
Those behind the last legs are quite large, and are situate 
somewhat between the coxw, and project over the 
Fic. 662. ORTHEZIA INSIGNIS (after Fernald), showing (A) Adult 
Female, dorsal view; (B) Nymph, after Second Moult; 
(c) Adult Male, dorsal view. All much enlarged. 
marsupium. This latter varies from 3mm. to 5mm. in 
length; it is generally nearly straight, but often much 
euryed upwards, with the sides slightly convergent and 
the end truncate. These plates, which vary with the 
individuals, consist of striated compact masses of a brittle, 
snowy-white substance (whence the name of White-tailed 
Mealy Bug). The substance is secreted by numerous 
fine papille. These, however, are not observable until 
the plates have been removed or rendered translucent 
with potash or soda. They are extremely fragile, but 
are quickly replaced. The eggs are laid and the young 
hatched in the space between the plates. Mr. Fernald 
estimates the number of eggs laid varies from 125 to 
175, and that they hatch out in about two months. The 
young Scales are naked when first hatched, but are 
gradually coated with the secretion already noticed. 
There are probably three broods a year in this country. 
The most effective preparation against this Coccid appears 
to be Paraffin Emulsion.. This can now be obtained in 
many quarters. Fir-Tree Oil is also beneficial, but must 
be very carefully employed, otherwise the foliage of 
delicate plants is likely to be affected. The directions 
of the makers shonid be strictly followed. There is one 
thing that hardy-plant lovers have to be thankful for, 
and it is that there is no chance of an infestation, as the 
insects are quite unable to withstand cold or frost. 
In dealing with Coccids generally, the best results have 
been obtained by the use of Kerosene Emulsion (see 
Insecticides). This or any other insecticide must be used 
Vol. V. 
Scale Insects—continued. 
in combination with common sense. The nature of the 
plant, or even of its parts, must be carefully considered, the 
condition of the weather at the time of the application of 
the insecticide, and even the accepted quantities in 
solution may have to be modified to meet this or that 
condition of plant-life. For instance, the treatment that 
could be meted out to a trunk of an Apple- or a Pear-tree, 
could not be employed on the somewhat delicate leaf of 
a Palm or other greenhouse or stove occupant; and so 
it is with all. Tree-trunks, branches of frnit and other 
trees against walls are all best treated in winter when 
they are at rest, using a stiff (painter’s) brush, and well 
working the insecticide into ai! likely crevices. Plants 
under glass are safest treated in the evenings of bright 
days, never during bright sunlight. Then, again, even 
the stages of certain of the insects must be taken into 
consideration if good results are to be obtained. Take 
for instance the case of the Coccids that elaborate a 
Scale. To spray these when the scale-like covering has 
been provided is useless; for though it would of course be 
an easy matter to employ an insecticide to destroy the 
“Scales,” yet there would be the danger also of destroying 
the trees themselves. The best period for waging war 
against these species is when the larve are in the 
actiye stage. Then they are vulnerable and readily 
destroyed. Besides Keroscue Emulsion, referred to in 
Vol. III., and the several other insecticides named, 
Gishurst Compound and Fir-Tree Oil may be mentioned 
as being very effective though not suited to large areas 
of trees and plants under cultivation, being far too 
expensive. For greenhouse and stove subjects they are, 
however, available, and when used with care and accord- 
ing to the directions supplied, may be relied upon to do 
their work. We have not described in detail the various 
Coccids mentioned, for the simple reason that in the 
majority of cases the distinguishing characteristics are 
not seen by the unaided eye. The more important, 
however, haye been enumerated under their respective 
headings. See also Scale Insects, Vol. III. 
SCAPHOSEPALUM (from skaphe, a boat, and 
sepalum, a sepal; in allusion to the form of the sepals). 
Orv. Orchidex. A small genus of Orchids, natives of 
tropical America, formerly included under Masdevallia 
(which see for culture), but differing in having the dorsal 
sepal free, the lateral ones forming a boat shape under 
the lip, which is strongly recurved and curled up. 
S. anchoriferum, S. breve, S. gibberosum, S. pulvinare, 
and S. swertiefoliwm will be found described under 
Masdevallia, in Vol. II. 
S. antenniferum (antennz-bearing). fl. greenish-yellow, lined 
with brown; scape l4ft. long. J. elliptic, Sin. to Sin. long. 
1890. Allied to S. pulvinare. 
S. microdactylum (small-fingered). jl. greenish-yellow and 
brown, small; scape Sin. long. J. 2in. long, oblong, fleshy, 
with three apical teeth. 1893. Allied to S. ochthodes. 
S. ochthodes (rugged). jl. yellow, fleshy; lateral sepals 
rectangular, erect, SES Cie petals ligulate, acute; lateral lobes 
of lip semi-ovate, entire, the mid-lobe oblong, serrulated ; 
keels two; raceme elongated, many-flowered ; peduncle nearly 
lft. long, very slender, densely verrucose. Colombia. 
S. punctatum (dotted). 1. pale greenish, small, spotted with 
dark purplish-brown; lateral sepals more ochreous, their tails 
din. long; scape descending, bearing a succession of flowers. 
2. 3in. to 4in. long, 4in. to Zin. broad. 1888. Allied to S. swertia- 
folium. (B. M. 7165.) 
SCAPHYGLOTTIS. S. Kienastii is the correct 
name of Ponera Kienastii. 
SCARES. Many devices to scare birds from fruit 
trees, seeds, ripe Corn, &c., are adopted, but few, if any, 
are really effectual, as the birds soon become accustomed 
to them, and carry on their depredations. _Seed-beds 
and Jow-growing crops are protected by threads of black 
cotton run over in and about them. This is almost 
invisible, and the birds flying about get their wings 
entangled therein, and carefully ayoid that place in the 
future. 
SCARLET TIGER MOTH. See Tiger Moths. 
SCELOCHILUS. To the species described on p. 380, 
Vol. III., the following should be added : 
S. carinatus (keeled). jl. about seven in a short, pendulous 
raceme; sepals bright yellow, jin. long; petals purple and 
aP 
