58 



are captured in greater numbers than females, but fishermen are unable to distinguish 

 the males from unripe or immature females. 



One part of the viscera, which has the same relations in both sexes, still remains 

 undescribed, namely, the anterior part of the intestine, and the gills which are con- 

 nected with it. The anterior part of the intestine itself needs no very elaborate 

 description : it consists simply of the mouth and throat, the walls of which differ oidy 

 from the stomach in the fact that they are almost everywhere continuous with the 

 surrounding muscles and otlier tissues, instead of being separated from them by part 

 of the body cavity. Beneath the throat there is a part of the body cavity entirely 

 separated from the rest, namely, the pericardium, whicli contains the heart, and wliich 

 will be described below. Tlie teeth previously mentioned as connected with or 

 embedded in tlie superior and inferior pharyngeal bones of course project through the 

 walls of the throat, and help to masticate or grasp the food. The series of basihyal 

 and basibranchial bones, clothed with raucous membrane, form a pointed conical tongue 

 in tlie floor of the mouth, which is used in swallowing. 



At the sides of the throat is the important respiratory apparatus. Between the 

 branchial arches are a number of clefts by which the cavity of the throat opens to 

 the exterior. The bony arch is clothed with connective tissue, muscle, and mucous 

 membrane, and this mucous membrane becomes continuous through the cleft with the 

 outermost layer of the skin on the external surface of the body. The most anterior 

 cleft is between the hyomandibular bone and the iirst branchial arch : the cleft extends 

 upwards to the middle of the epibranchial bone, downwards to the end of the cerato- 

 branchial. The 2nd, 3rd, and 4tli clefts become gradually shorter, scarcely extending 

 upwards beyond tlie cerato-brauchials. The 5th cleft is very short, it is situated 

 between the 4th cerato -branchial bone and the 5th cerato-branchial or lower pharyn- 

 geal bone. The latter is continuously connected by muscle and connective tissue with 

 the pectoral arch ; there is no cleft behind it. On the outer face of each arch there is 

 a double series of long straight filaments, the branchial filaments. Each of these is 

 supported by a rod of fibnnis skeletal tissue which runs up its centre, and between 

 this rod and the epithelium, or layer of delicate cells which covers the surface of the 

 filament, there is a ricli plexus of capillary blood vessels. The blood coursing through 

 these gives out its carbonic acid to the sea water which passes through the gill clefts 

 and absorbs oxygen from the sea water, which oxygen is necessary for the oxidization 

 of the tissues that goes on throughout life. 



In front of the first branchial cleft, running in an antero-posterior direction beneath 

 the dorsal part of the hyomandibular bone, is a rudimentary branchia, composed not 

 of long branchial filaments, but a few vascular folds of the mucous membrane : this 

 is called the pseudo-branchia and is found in the majority of bony fishes. The pseudo- 

 branchia represents part of tlie brancliia of the hyoid arch. On tlie inner surface of 

 the branchial arclies there are ?mall fleshy projections; in many fish these are long 

 projecting rods called the gill rakers. In the sole they are rudimentary. 



