224 Rev. T. A. Marshall's monograph of 



triangular space on the 2d segment acicnlated ; the spurs 

 of the middle tibife straight, and the legs uniformly tes- 

 taceous, except that the hind tibiae of the <? at the apex, 

 and their tarsi, are sometimes darker. 



Very abundant from about the vernal equinox, appear- 

 ing earlier than the other species. It seems to be omni- 

 vorous, having been bred by Bignell in great numbers 

 from Vanessa Atalanta, L., Portltesia similis, Fues., 

 Diloba ccernleoccphala, L., Nocfua xantliographa, Fab., 

 TripJicena orhoiia, Hufn., and fimbria, L., Ampldpyra 

 pyramidea, L., Miselia oxijacanth(e,Ij., Xijlocampa areola, 

 Esp., Xtjlina ornithopus, Eott., Asteroscopus sjj/i//Lr,Hufn., 

 Catocala nupta, L., Selenia hilunaria, Esp., Himera pen- 

 naria, L., and Larentia riridaria. Fab. The broods 

 from Miselia considerably outnumber the others. From 

 Diluha only two parasites were excluded ; from Miselia 

 as many as 38 ; the average number is about 20. The 

 period of pupation lasts about a fortnight. In certain 

 cases they are carried under ground by the retreating 

 caterpillar, and, wdien hatched, force their way upwards 

 through the soil. Eatzeburg* says that in Germany 

 they are the constant enemies of Lasiocampa pini, L., 



* The abundance of this species caused it to be employed by 

 Ratzeburg as the subject of his experiments and observations. 

 See Ichn. d. Forst., i., 62, for description and life-history ot the 

 larva and pupa: pi. vii., ff. 23, 24 represent a Lasiocamya larva 

 opened, showing the position and appearance of the parasites in 

 the inside, natural size ; f. 25, another larva, with the same para- 

 sites recently emerged, and preparing to spin their cocoons, &c. 

 Eatzeburg's gi'eat work on the parasites of insects affecting the 

 ciiltivation of woods and forests, being written in German, is less 

 extensively known in this coiintry than it deserves to be. The 

 following epitomized extract will show the interesting nature of his 

 enqiiiries, so far as concerns A. fulvi])es : — " The full-grown larva, 

 at the time when it proceeds to spin its cocoon (on the outside of 

 the dead caterpillar that has served for its victim), is 2 — 3 lines 

 long, gi-eenish white, with a green intestinal canal. The tropin are 

 in a more rudimentary state than in other Ichneumon-larva? that 

 have been observed. The labial palpi consist of a single joint ; the 

 maxilla? are represented by two white processes ; and the future 

 mandibles are indicated by the thickened ends of a brownish curved 

 streak, of a horny consistence. Of the clypeus and antenna) no 

 rudiments appear. Of the 12 segments which compose the body, 

 1 — 3 are denoted by the absence of the lateral swellings which dis- 

 tinguish 4 — 10, each of which bears a spiracle. Each segment is 

 furnislied with a transverse row of minute black tubercles. The 

 pupa (pi. vii., f. 31) is 2 lines long, showing all the organs of the 

 perfect insect, packed into the smallest space ; the antennae he 



