upon lepidopterous larva, dc. 301 



allied. They were also found in Chcerotricha piano 

 (Walker), Charnidas exclamationis, in three species of 

 the genus Artaxa (A. vitellina, scintillans, and guttata 

 [all Walker]), and in Dasychira dalbergia (Moore). I 

 was unable to find them in a few Indian larvae belonging 

 to this genus, but they may have been present and 

 difficult to detect in the preserved larvae. Thus the 

 character is probably almost coextensive with the family. 

 Stainton probably recognises this in the general descrip- 

 tion of the Liparidce, given in the 'Manual,' containing 

 this sentence : "Larva . . . frequently with two fleshy 

 protuberances on the twelfth segment." As above 

 stated, the glands occur upon the 6th and 7th abdo- 

 minal segments, i. e., upon the 10th and 11th segments 

 of the other system of terminology. The single gland 

 of our two British species of Dasychira helps to unite 

 these in a single genus, and to separate them from 

 other species, thus confirming the classification of 

 Stainton's ' Manual' and controverting that of Newman. 

 All these eversible glands are " pleurecbolic " and 

 " acrembolic," like the flagella of D. vinula, and all 

 must possess an axial retractor muscle. I have proved 

 this by means of sections in the case of the ventral 

 glands of the larva of the hymenopterous Croesus septen- 

 trionalis, one of which, in a state of partial eversion, is 

 shown in longitudinal section in Plate X., fig. 10, x 24*5. 

 The axial retractor muscle (r, m, fig. 10) is made up of 

 striated fibres. 



6. On markings which frequently appear on larvje 

 before pupation, and which correspond in position 

 to the underlying pupal wings. — When a larva is 

 examined in the contracted quiescent state which pre- 

 cedes pupation, the lateral region of the meso- and meta- 

 thoracic segments are seen to be swollen. This expan- 

 sion is due to the underlying pupal wings which are 

 formed as pouch-like diverticula from the body-cavity. 

 The larval cuticle is easily stripped oft' an insect which 

 has been kept in spirit, and the pouch-like rudimentary 

 wings are then distinctly seen to be the cause of the 

 swollen appearance. But the rapid morphological 

 changes which are going on beneath the surface are 

 often attended by other modifications of the superposed 

 larval tissues, which are far more difficult to explain. 



