358 



without the Torulse accompanying it, which is an important 

 fact ; but I have found Torulse, and it is a common thing to 

 get them without myceha. If you break through the felted 

 crust of a moukl formed by the interwoven hyphse of the 

 myceha, you invariably find Torulse interspersed amongst 

 these filaments, a condition which suggests a very close rela- 

 tion to the structure of Lichens. In fact, morphologically 

 Penicillium is a Lichen when in this state. This interest- 

 ing identity appears hitherto to have escaped notice. 



Whenever you examine the germinating spores, and espe- 

 cially if you keep away air, and also whenever you examine 

 common yeast, you will find very singular bodies associated 

 with the Torula forms. These bodies are excessively minute. 

 They are only the ^-g-^^th of an inch in diameter, the 

 conidia being only -pjpi-fnrth of an inch in diameter — less than 

 a third the size of the minute red corpuscles which are 

 coursing in millions through my smallest blood-vessels. These 

 bodies to which I now allude are but a fourth of the Conidia 

 in diameter, or one twelfth of the diameter of the human 

 blood-corpuscle. You may find one alone, but most commonly 

 two joined together side by side, thus (fig. 6 a) ; or you see 

 them in sets of pairs, bound together by an invisible gelati- 

 nous matter, the pi'esence of which is inferred from their 

 adherence (fig. 6 h) ; further, you get little rod-like bodies 



C3C3CP 



(fig. 6, c), also apparently of the same nature. These little 

 bodies we speak of as Bacteria. When you examine these 

 Bacteria with the very highest powers — 1200 diameters, or 

 2000 if you can get it — you see two things with regard to 

 them : — 1st, all are in motion ; 2nd, they have two dis- 

 tinct kinds of movements. The very smallest have merely 

 a trembling movement ; those which are elongated oscillate 

 on a central point in their long axis, rotating whilst in an 

 oblique position. That is one kind of movement. The 

 other kind of movement is a darting across the stage of the 

 microscope, sometimes in a straight line, sometimes accom- 

 panied by oscillations, which gives a serpentine appearance 

 to the moving Bacterium or chain of Bacteria, whence the 



