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state, as though fixed in some substance. They are so ; they 

 are imbedded in a jelly, like many other low organisms, 

 especially Algae ; they exhibit this phenomenon of a quiescent 

 stage, during which they are encased in gelatinous matter. 

 Pouchet and others have supposed them to be dead, but 

 Cohn showed years ago that they are not dead, but are 

 in a quiescent state, growing and reproducing, but not 

 moving. With Torula, then, we find Bacteria in great 

 numbers in this quiescent state. Usually masses are to be 

 seen adhering very closely and tightly to one Torula cell or 

 another, and such masses are very difficult to separate from 

 the cell to which they are fixed. It seems probable that the Bac- 

 teria proceed in this way from the Torula cells as the Torula 

 cells do from Conidia. It is probable that Bacterium is a simi- 

 lar thing to Torula — a simplest stage in the development of a 

 fungus. By sowing Conidia you also get Bacteria in abun- 

 dance. You get the Bacteria adhering like this to (fig. 6, d) 

 the Conidia, and they are, I believe, developed from the pro- 

 toplasm of the Conidia just as Torulee are, and we may com- 

 pare these two forms to the Microgonidia and Macrogonidia 

 of Algse. They are all terms in the development of Peni- 

 cillium. This may be set out thus (fig. 7) in a diagrammatic 



Torula. 



Bacteriiuii. 



Comdium. 



form. But this does not exhaust the whole matter by any 

 means ; for it appears that there are many genera which are 

 thus affiliated. 



The whole question of spontaneous generation turns upon 

 what we can say certainly as to the development of these 

 things, and one naturally turns to works on botany for this 



