BIHANG TILL K. sv. VET.-AKAD. HAXDL. BAND 13. AFD. IV. N:0 5. 57 



nearly eveiy species of tlic Insects lias its habitat, there is 

 not one siich for tlie whole of the Testacea and the Echini. 

 Possibly, however, Linn.eus had got a general notiou that 

 those thirteen Dutch Echini were from the Eastern Seas, for 

 in the S. X. ed. 10 published in the meantime, ten of them 

 are said to inhabit the Indian Ocean or tlie Southern Seas, 

 one the whole Ocean, one the »M. Mediterraneiim», which I 

 strongly suspect to be a slip for »M. meridionale», and one has 

 no habitat. The collections in Holland abounded in East In- 

 dian species and it will be seen that those Dutch specimens 

 probably all of them were from such of the tropical parts 

 of the Old World where Holland had settlements. The two 

 låter additions, the X:o 10 and 15 of the S. X., 10 and 14 of 

 the M. L. U., are American species, though only one of them 

 is marked as such. The distribution throuo-hout the seas, of 

 the little known Echini, was in those days, generally, very 

 vaguely attended to, and Linn.-eus who in that respect treated 

 the species, described as well as only referred to, rather sum- 

 marilv, did not even liesitate to attribute to one or the other 

 a world-wide rangc. Hc also relied too much on other authors, 

 and was occasionally deceived. 



It was on the basis of a passing examination, three years 

 before, of an Echinus brought fresh from the sea, and on that 

 of his late studies in the Queen's Cabinet on thirteen other 

 species, that Linn-Eus in the autumn of 1752 demonstrated to 

 his hearers the principal charactcrs of the genus. In the notes 

 taken by ]\Iennander') in 17oo, the sixth Class bears the name 

 of »Zoophyta» and its third Order begins with Echinus, : sub- 

 rotundus, imdicjue aculeis stipatus; has five teeth in the moiith 

 which close like the valvula3 of a fruit;>, and Asteria, »which 



') When LlNN^US on his way back from Lapland late in the au- 

 tumn of 1732 reached Abo in FinLand, he found himself out of pocket, 

 and was supj^lied with necessary means by giving lassons in Natural Hi- 

 story for a week to Charles Fbederic Mexnander, a student five years 

 his junior, and in the following year one of his hearers at Upsala. Lix- 

 N.*:us and ArcttEDIUs, afterwards Artedi, »both at the same time 

 began to study tishes and insects, but as LiNN.EUS could not keep pace 

 with Artedi in the fishes, he left them to him, while Artedi gave up 

 the insects to LINN.EUS^, Eg. Ant. p. 19, 20. After the notes from the 

 lectures of LiNN.iiiUS, Menxänder wrote down a memorandum on the 

 rules for rightly observing the charactcrs of fishes and these words: 

 >Hfec pler(aque) fr(atri) Arct(jedio) debeo.» In after years, as Bishop of 

 Abo and at last as Archbishop of Upsala, he always exerted his influence 

 to promote the stndy of Natural History.- 



