112 HIGHWAYS AND BYWAYS. 



capable to some extent of reasoning from "cause to 

 consequence;" that this intelligence differs onl}^ in 

 degree among the lower, as Avell as among the higher 

 animals ; that the emotional natures are very nearly the 

 same in all, differing only in intensity, and that the vir- 

 tues and passions of hope, love, sympathy, fear, hatred, 

 jealousy, resentment and revenge spring from the exer- 

 cise of reasoning faculties equally among all classes of 

 animals, high and low in the scale of being. Lower 

 animals may not solve problems in mathematics or 

 puzzle their heads over questions of ethics and jurisj^ru- 

 dence, but the same display of deliberation and fore- 

 thought is manifested when the migrating fowls arrange 

 the manner of flight under the direction of a chosen 

 leader, and the feeding flocks set sentinels to watch for 

 enemies and to warn of danger, that is sliown by men 

 in the organization of armies, and the arrangements to 

 ensure safety by sending out sentries and picket guard. 

 In eating, drinking, caring for young, and trying to 

 escape from apparent danger, the animal simply obeys 

 the laws of instinct, but, when it finds by experience 

 and change in surroundings, or by any extraneous cir- 

 cumstances, a change in the mode of life practical and 

 beneficial, and so departs from the usual custom of its 

 kind to better its condition, it has passed beyond mere 

 instinctive impulse. It is no more the impulse of in- 

 stinct that causes the yellow-bellied woodpecker {Sj)hy- 

 rapicus varius) to bore the sound tree for sap, than it is 

 that causes the farmer to tap the maple in the spring. 

 The bird has ascertained that the fluid is sweet and 



