44 PAUL PELSENEER. 



ment cliez tous les Crustacea hermaphrodites, est I'etat primitif dans le 

 developpement ontogenetique et phylogenetique." 



51. F. MiJLLER. " Die Zwitterbildung ini Tierreich," ' Kosmos,' Bd. xvii, 



pp. 321—334. 



52. In addition to the various examples given further on, it may be remarked 



that the only hermaphrodite forms among Echinoderms are the 

 Synaptids, which are the most highly specialised by the reduction of 

 the calcareous plates, and the disappearance of the madreporite and 

 the ambulacral tubes. Similarly in Pisces the hermaphrodite forms 

 (Serranidse) belong to the most specialised types of Teleosteans ; see 

 Cope, ' The Origin of the Fittest,' 1887, p. 331. 



53. Though descended from free ancestors, as their larvae show. 



54. Some Spirorbis, Protula, Piieolaria, Laonome. 



55. Bourne. — "On Certain Abnormalities in the Common Frog (Raua 



temporaria)," 'Quart. Journ. Micr. Sci.,' vol. xxiv, p. 83, pi. iv. 



56. VoGT. — " Notice sur un Hareng hermaphrodite," ' Arch, de Biol.,' t. iii, 



p. 255, pi. X. 



57. WoonwAED.— ' Proc. Zool. Soc. London,' 1893, p. 322. 



58. Bernard. — ' Nature,' vol. xliii, p. 343. 



59. Although it is yet a very rare practice to compare the phenomena pre- 



sented by the two organic "kingdoms," it may be added here that 

 hermaphroditism, properly so called, is also a characteristic of specialised 

 plants, and that it is wanting, speaking generally, in aquatic plants 

 and the most ancient of terrestrial plants ; see especially Errera et 

 Gevaert, " Sur la structure et les modes de f^condation des fleurs," 

 • Bull. Soc. Botan. Belg.,' vol. xvii, p. 164. 



60. Deluge. — Loc. cit., p. 704. 



61. GuNTHER. — "An Introduction to the Study of Pishes," 1880, p. 157 : — 



" In the European species of Serranus a testicle-like body is attached 

 to the lower part of the ovary, but many specimens are undoubtedly 

 males having normally developed testicles only." 



62. Brock.— 'Zeitschr. f. wiss. Zool.,' Bd. xliv, p. 374. 



63. Brock. — " TJntersuchungen iiber die Geschlechtsorgane einiger Murse- 



Doiden," * Mitth. Zool. Stat. Neapel,' Bd. ii, p. 488. 



