4 THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER. 
II. PREVIOUS LITERATURE ON THE ANATOMY AND CLASSIFICATION OF THE 
TUBINARES. 
I propose under this head to briefly notice the more important papers or memoirs 
that have appeared dealing with the structure and classification of these birds. Titles 
of several less important ones not mentioned here may be found duly recorded in the third 
instalment of Dr. Coues’ Ornithological Biography,’ Procellariidee, pp. 1021-1033. 
1826. One of the very earliest contributions to the anatomy of the Petrels we owe 
to the voyage of circumnavigation made by the “Coquille.” Garnot, in the account of 
that expedition,’ gives some brief anatomical notices chiefly relating to the digestive 
organs of several Tubinares. The species dissected are, unfortunately, not referred to by 
scientific names, but they appear to be Phabetria fuliginosa, Thalasseca glacialoides, a 
Prion, Fregetta melanogastra, and Pelecanoides urinatrix, as well as another species I 
cannot determine (‘‘ Petrel de la Mer Pacifique ”). 
In 1827 L’herminier® described the general character of the sternum of the Tubin- 
ares, which formed his twenty-eighth family of birds, and proposed to divide the group 
up, on sternal characters, into three sections—(1) the smaller Petrels (Procellaria, Cymo- 
chorea, &c.) with the posterior margin of the sternum more or less entire ; (2) the 
Albatrosses, with the sternum with two large and shallow excavations posteriorly; and 
(3) the Petrels proper, with four posterior sternal excavations. As regards the general 
position of the group, he remarks :—‘“ Ces oiseaux . . . par la forme de l'appareil sternal, 
sont intermédiaires aux mouettes et aux pélicans.” On plate iv. of the plates illustrating 
his memoir, two figures of the sternum of a Puffinus are given. 
1838-39. W. Macgillivray, in Audubon’s Ornithological Biography,‘ describes and 
figures the alimentary canal and trachea of two species of Petrels, namely, Oceanites 
oceanicus (vol. v. pp. 645-646) and of Procellaria pelagica (vol. iv. pp. 313-315). 
In the second part of the same author's Manual of British Ornithology’ are given a few 
notes on the visceral anatomy of the British species of the group. 
In the same year J. F. Brandt, in his Beitriige zur Naturgeschichte der Vogel," 
called attention to the existence of a peculiar ossicle, connected with the lachrymal and 
palatine bones, and hence called “ ossiculum lacrymo-palatinum,” which he had discovered 
in many of the Tubinares and also in Fregata aquila. 
1840. It is to Nitzsch, perhaps the most acute and original ornithologist that ever lived, 
? Bull. U.S. Geol. Surv., vol. v., No. 4, Washington, 1880. 
2 Voyage autour de la Monde, Zool., tom. i, ; Recherches anatomiques relatives a divers oiseaux marins, 
pp: 603-612. 
* Recherches sur l’appareil sternal des Oiseaux, pp. 79-81, vol. iv., Paris, 1827. 
4 Edinburgh, 1839. 
5 London, 1842, pp. 258-264. 
° Beitriige zur Kenntniss der Naturgeschichte der Vogel, St. Petersburg, 1839, pp. 4-9. 
