TABLE OF CONTENTS. XXxi 
; PAGE 
Improvements in the Netherlands—Ancient Hydraulic Works—Drain- 
ing of Lake Celano by Prince Torlonia—Incidental Consequences of 
Draining Lakes—Draining of Marshes—Agricultural Draining—Meteor- 
ological Effects of Draining—Geographical Effects of Draining—Geo- 
graphical Effects of Aqueducts and Canals—Antiquity of Irrigation— 
Lrrigation in Palestine, India, and Egypt—Ivrigation in Europe—Me- 
teorological Effects of Irrigation—Water withdrawn from Rivers for 
Trrigation—Injurious Effects of Rice-culture—Salts Deposited by 
Water of Irrigation—Subterranean Waters—Artesian Wells—Artificial 
Springs—Economizing Precipitation—Inundations in France—Basins 
of Reception—Diversion of Rivers—Glacier Lakes—River Embank- 
ments—Other Remedies against Inundations—Dikes of the Nile—De- 
posits of Tuscan Rivers—Improvements in Tuscan Maremma—Im- 
provements in Val di Chiana—Coast of the Netherlands......... .. 398 
CHAPTER: V: 
THE SANDS. 
Origin of Sand—Sand now Carried to the Sea—Beach Sands of Northern 
Africa—Sands of Egypt—Sand Dunes and Sand Plains—Coast Dunes 
—Sand Banks—Character of Dune Sand—Interior Structure of 
Dunes—Geological Importance of Dunes—Dunes on American Coasts 
—Dunes of Western Europe—Age, Character, and Permanence of 
Dunes—Dunes as a Barrier against the Sea—-Eucroachments of the 
Sea—Liimfjord—Coasts of Schieswig-Holstein, Netherlands, and 
France—Moyement of Dunes—Control of Dunes by Man—Inland 
Dunes-—Iniand) Sand! Plains: (4-1. <1) \edefarawerea/ss «la: sls| ois <)</as sie sce sete’ ote 545 
CHATTER VE 
GREAT PROJECTS OF PHYSICAL CHANGE ACCOMPLISHED OR PROPOSED 
BY MAN. 
Cutting of Isthmuses—Canal of Suez—Maritime Canals in Greece—Canals 
to Dead Sea—Canals to Libyan Desert—Maritime Canals in Europe 
—Cape Cod Canal—Changes in Caspian—Diversion of the Nile—Diver- 
sion of the Rhine—Improvements in North American Hydrography 
—Soil below Rock—Covering Rock with Harth—Desert Valleys— 
Effects of Mining—Duponchel’s Plans of Improvement—Action of 
Man on the Weather—Resistance to Great Natural Forces—Incidental 
Effects of Human Action—Nothing Smallin Nature........... Meters (609 
