28 FORMATION OF BOGS. 
permanent change was produced by them. I refer to the 
action of beavers and of fallen trees in producing bogs,* 
.* The English nomenclature of this geographical feature does not seem well 
settled. We have bog, swamp, marsh, morass, moor, fen, turf-moss, peat-moss, 
quagmire, all of which, though sometimes more or less accurately discriminated, 
are often used interchangeably, or are perhaps employed, each exclusively, in 
a particular district. In Sweden, where, especially in the Lappish provinces, 
this terr-aqueous formation is very extensive and important, the names of its 
different kinds are more specific in their application. The general designa- 
tion of all soils permanently pervaded with water is Kdrr. The elder Lesta- 
dius divides the Harr into two genera: Myror (sing. myra), and Mossar (sing, 
mossc). ‘* The former,” he observes, ‘‘ are grass-grown, and overflowed with 
water through almost the whole summer; the latter are covered with mosses 
and always moist, but very seldom overflowed.” He enumerates the following 
species of Myra, the character of which will perhaps be sufficiently under- 
stood by the Latin terms into which he translates the vernacular names, for 
the benefit of strangers not altogether familiar with the language and the 
subject: 1. Hémyror, paludes graminose. 2. Dy, paludes profunde. 3. 
Flarkmyror, or proper kdrr, paludes limose, 4. Fyjdlimyror, paludes uligi- 
nose. 5. Yufmyror, paludes cespitose. 6. Rismyror, paludes virgate. 
7. Starvdngar, prata irrigata, with their subdivisions, dry starrdngar or 7i- 
singar, wet starrdngar and fradkengropar. 8. Pilar, lacune. 9. Gélar, fos- 
se inundate. The Mossar, paludes turfose, which are of great extent, have 
but two species: 1. Torfmossar, called also Mossmyror and Snottermyror, 
and, 2. Bjornmossar. 
The accumulations of stagnant or stagnating water originating in bogs are 
distinguished into 77désk, stagna, and Tjernar or Tjdrnar (sing. Tjern or 
Tjdrn), stagnatiles. Trdsk are pools fed by bogs, or water emanating from 
them, and their bottoms are slimy; Zjernar are small 7’rdsk situated within 
the limits of Mossar.—L. L. Lastraprus, om Méjligheten af Uppodlingar ¢ 
Lappmarken, pp. 23, 24. 
Although the quantity of bog land in New England is less than in many 
other regions of equal area, yet there is a considerable extent of this forma- 
tion in some of the Northeastern States. Dana (Manual of Geology, p. 614) 
states that the quantity of peat in Massachusetts is estimated at 120,000,000 
cords, or nearly 569,000,000 cubic yards, but he does not give either the area 
or the depth of the deposits. In any event, however, bogs cover but a small 
percentage of the territory in any of the Northern States, while it is said that 
one tenth of the whole surface of Ireland is composed of bogs, and there are 
still extensive tracts of undrained marsh in England. The amount of this for- 
mation in Great Britain is estimated at 6,000,000 acres, with an average depth 
of twelve feet, which would yield 21,600,000 tons of air-dried peat.—AsBJORN- 
sEN, Zorv og Torvdrift, Christiania, 1868, p. 6. 
