WOODLAND IN EUROPEAN COUNTRIES. 805 
Sardinia Ast2 RR ANGite das dete ae 12.29 per cent. 
Neapolitan, States sy ergueyssio sb acto ore 9.43 ve 
olla ns), sera ces yer tetera Goleicusloloivre fovea aveiecs 7.10 oy 
SDAIN sc rerahers or ee eet Bera \are oie tele: stoped trate 5.52 a 
DENA sii te.t A eet etic Moe ss Be es 5.50 es 
GreatrBintain yea eee oes tetas. Seale Cala Aah SS 
POLtUG Al) sy snciete: «,csaperepanettousselaleees aicteieh abel austere . 4.40 ec 
The large proportion of woodland in Norway and Sweden is 
in a great measure to be ascribed to the mountainous character 
of the surface, which renders the construction of roads difficult 
and expensive, and hence the forests are comparatively inac- 
cessible, and transportation is too costly to tempt the inhabit- 
ants to sacrifice their woods for the sake of supplying distant 
markets. 
The industries which employ wood as a material have only 
lately been much developed in these countries, and though the 
climate requires the consumption of much wood as a fuel, the 
population is not numerous enough to create, for this purpose, 
a demand exceeding the annually produced supply, or to need 
any great extension of cleared ground for agricultural purposes. 
Besides this, in many places peat is generally employed as do- 
mestic fuel. Hence, though Norway has long exported a con- 
siderable quantity of lumber,* and the iron and copper works 
of Sweden consume charcoal very largely, the forests have not 
diminished rapidly enough to produce very sensible climatic or 
even economical evils. 
At the opposite end of the scale we find Holland, Denmark, 
Great Britain, Spain, and Portugal. In the three first-named 
countries a cold and humid climate renders the almost con- 
stant maintenance of domestic fires a necessity, while in Great 
* Railway-ties, or, as they are called in England, sleepers, are largely ex- 
ported from Norway to India, and sold at Calcutta at a lower price than tim- 
ber of equal quality can be obtained from the native woods.— Reports on Forest 
Conservancy, vol. i., pt. ii., p. 1533. 
From 1861 to 1870 Norway exported annually, on the average, more than 
60,000,000 cubic feet of lumber.—WULFSBERG, Norges Velstandskilder. Chris- 
tiania, 1872. 
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