268 ECONOMY OF THE FOREST. 
that is, sprung from self-sown seed, or from the roots of trees 
which have been felled for human purposes ; but their growth 
has been controlled, in a variety of ways, by man and by do- 
mestic animals, and they almost uniformly present more or less 
of an artificial character and arrangement. Both they and 
planted forests—which, though certainly not few, are of com- 
paratively recent date in Europe—demand, as well for protec- 
tion as for promotion of growth, a treatment different in some 
respects from that which would be suited to the character and 
wants of the virgin wood. 
On this latter branch of the subject, the management of 
the primitive wood, experience and observation have not yet 
collected a sufficient stock of facts to serve for the construction 
of a complete system of this department of sylviculture ; but 
the government of the forest as it exists in France—the differ- 
ent zones and climates of which country present many points 
of analogy with those of the United States and of some of the 
British colonies—has been carefully studied, and several manuals 
of practice have been prepared for the foresters of that empire. 
I believe the Cours Elémentaire de Culture des Bois eréé a 
VEcole Forestiére de Nancy, par M. Lorentz, complété et 
publié par A. Parade, with a supplement under the title of 
Cours d’Aménagement des Foréts, par Henri Nanquette, has 
been generally considered the best of these. The Etudes sur 
W’Economie Forestiére, par Jules Clavé, which I have often 
quoted, presents a great number of interesting views on this 
subject, but it is not designed as a practical guide, and it does 
not profess to be sufficiently specific in its details to serve that 
purpose.* Notwithstanding the difference of conditions be- 
tween the aboriginal and the trained forest, the judicious ob- 
server who aims at the preservation of the former will reap 
* Among more recent manuals may be mentioned: in French, Les Etudes de 
Maitre Pierre, Paris, 1864, 12mo; Bazeatre, T’raité de Reboisement, 2d edi- 
tion, Paris, 1864; Pasron, L’Aménagement des Foréts, Paris, 1867; in English, 
GreGor, Arboriculture, Edinburgh, 1503; in Italian, SteMoNI’s very valuable 
Manuale teorico-pratico d’Arte Forestale, 2d ediz., Firenze, 1872; the ex- 
