INDEX. 
effects on the social, moral, and eco- 
651 
disastrous effects of its neglect, 451 
nomic interests of the people, 424 | Paxissy on artificial springs, 484 et seqq. 
coast improvements in, 542 
sand dunes of, 581 
encroachments of the sea on, 583 e¢ segq. 
artificial dunes in, 591 
remoyal of dunes in, 587 
Nite, its ancient state, 453, 454 
infiltration of water of, 476, note 
artificial mouths of, 599 
inundations of, 516 
embankments of, 516 e¢ seqq. 
mud banks caused by its deposits, 517 
discharge of, 519, note 
sediment of, 478, note ; 524, note 
sand dunes at its mouth, 564 
proposed diversicn of, 621 
effects of, 623 
ceramic banks of, 641 
No.3 torrent, 264, ote 
Norway, exports lumber to India, 305, note 
NUMBERS, misleading effects of too definite 
statement of, 288, note 
NutMee transported by birds, 112, note 
Oak, the English, early uses in the arts, 310, note 
openings in North America, 345, note 
OBSERVATION, power of, cultivated, 51-55 
Ouro, mounds of, 18 
remains of a primitive people in, 363, note 
O1s, importance of, in modern commerce, 63 
Oxup Wor LD, physical decay of, 3 
former populousness of, 4 
present desolation of, 4 
its causes, 5 
ancient climate of, 15 
physical restoration of, 48 et seqqg. 
OLIVE TREE, the wild, 61, note 
importance of, 339, note 
cultivation of, in Italy, 340, note 
ORANGE, when first known in Europe, 66 
OrcuHips, fertilization of, by insects, 132 
ORGANIC LIFE embraced in modern geography, 
56 et seqq. 
its geological agency, 80 et seqq. 
geographical importance of, 82 
ORGANISMS, minute, importance of, 140-144 
Osrricu, the, diminution of its numbers, 123 
OTTAQUECHEE river, Vermont, transporting 
power of, 275 
OTTER, the American, voracity of, 106 
OysTER, the, transplantation of, 100 
PALESTINE, ancient terrace culture and irriga- 
tion of, 450 
PaRAGRANDINI, Of Lombardy, 154, note 
PARAMELLE, the Abbé of, on fountains, 474 
PAULOWNIA, rapid growth of, 395, note 
PEaT unknown as fuel to Greeks, Romans, and 
High German tribes, 29, note 
used anciently by Low German tribes, 29, 
note 
PEAT MOSSES of North Sjaelland, fossil wood 
in, 31, note 
PEcoRA, river of the Maremma, its deposits, 528, 
note 
PENGUIN, destruction of, 124, node 
PERU, ancient progress in the arts, 448 
basins of reception in, 496 
PETRA, water at, 466, mole 
PETROLEUM, quantity of, 49, 323, note 
ascent of, in artesian wells, 478, note 
PHOSPHORESCENCE Of the sea, not noticed by 
ancients, 104 
PHYSICAL DECAY of the earth’s surface, 3 et segq. 
its causes, 5 
forms and formations predisposing to, 31 
arrest of, in new countries, 44 
PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY, study of, recommended, 
13 
PHyYsICAL IMPROVEMENTS, important, chapter 
on. 609-642 
PHYSICAL RESTORATION of disturbed harmonies, 
Bl 
of the earth, 44 et seqq. 
of the Old World, 44 
Pink, the American, former ordinary dimensions 
of, 3380 
the white, rapidity of its growth, 330, note 
umbrella, the most elegant of trees, 336 
the maritime, on dune sands in France, 337, 
596, 606 
how affected by accidents of its growth, 369 
PINUS CEMBRA of Switzerland, 336 
PISCICULTURE, its valuable results, 99 
See Fish. 
PLANTS, cultivated, uncertain identity of ancient 
and modern, 19 
changes of habits of, by domestication, 21 
geographical influences of, 56 
domestic, origin of, 58, 59 
modes of introduction of, 65 
accidental introduction of, 68 
how affected by transfer, 69 
tenacity of life in wild species, 69 
power of accommodation of, 70 
foreign, grown in United States, 71 
American, grown in Europe, 76 
