654 
sources of supply, 472 
reservoirs and currents of, 474 
diffusion of, in soil, 474 
SUEZ CANAL, effect of, on the Mediterranean and 
Red Sea, 97 
excavations for, 403, note 
danger from sand drifts, 554 
SUGAR-CANE, introduction of, into Europe and 
America, 75, note 
SUGAR-MAPLE TREE, produce of, 184 
SUNFLOWER, effect of plantation of, 157 
SWALLOW, popular superstition respecting, 533 
SWITZERLAND, ancient lacustrine habitations, 
16, 77 
Syxir Island, sand dunes of, 563 
encroachment of the sea upon, 563 
SYLVICULTURE, best manuals of practice of, 
368, note 
its methods, 372 
the ¢aillis treatment, 374 
the futaie treatment, 374 
beneficial effects of irrigation in, 876 
removal of leaves in, 279 
exclusion of animals, 382, note 
TAGUATAGA LAKE, Chili, draining of, 432, note 
TEMPERATURE, how affected by elevation, 52, 
note 
TEREDO, the general diffusion of, 137 
TERMITE, or white ant. ravages of, 137 
TTHRESHING MACHINES, saving by, 36, note 
TIBER, subterranean reservoirs in valley of, 474 
Tick, wood, disappearance of, in North-eastern 
States, 154, note 
TIMBER, increased demand for, 355 
of natural growth, inferiority of, 369 
TORRENTS, destructive action of, 245 
in South-eastern France, 246-256 
deposits of, in beds of rivers, 237, note 
in the Himalayas, 263, note 
excavations by, 263 
action of, in elevating the bed of streams, 264 
of the Nautzenthal, 267 
of the Litznerthal, 267 
whether origin of rivers, 268 
extinguished, 269 
crushing force of, 271-274 
danger of, in the United States, 328 
Toys, children’s, consumption of wood for, 358, 
note 
TRANSPORTATION, facilities of, effect of, on com- 
merce, 65, 20te 
TREES, forest, succession of species in, 18, note 
how far injured by small animals, 83, note 
improvement of, by cultivation, 59, note 
INDEX. 
evergreen, power of resisting frost, 175, note 
how far they interrupt precipitation, 181, 
note 
absorption of vapor by. 186 
absorption of moisture from the earth by, 186 
exhalation of moisture by, 189-191 
drainage of soil by roots of, 203 
evergreen, alleged desiccatory action of, 207, 
208, note 
names of, vaguely applied, 308, note 
rapid growth of, in Italy, 318 
forest, American, 330-334 
their dimensions, 331 
change in relative proportion of height and 
diameter, 331 
comparative longevity of, 333, note 
American compared with European, 334-342 
destruction of evergreen, for decorative pur- 
poses, 357, note 
hill plantations of, 379 
powers of resisting action of fire, 384, note 
planting of, on sea-coast, 389 
TRIESTE, proposed supply of water to, 470, note 
Trout, the American, 99, 108 
TUNNEL of Mt. Cenis, statistics of, 403, note; 
406, note 
of Lake Copais, 427 
TURTLES’ eggs, destruction of, 108, note 
TUSCANY, rivers of, their deposits, 525 
physical restoration in, 527 
improvements in the Maremma, 528 
Val di Chiana, 5382 
TYROLESE rivers, elevation of their beds, 265, 
note 
UNDULATIONS of water, 550 
UniIrep States, foreign plants grown in, 68 
weight of annual harvest in, 73 
number of quadrupeds in, 87 
birds in, 118 ‘ 
forests of, 327 
instability of life in, 396 
URvUs or auerochs, domesticated by man, 93 
extirpation of, 95 
VAL DI CHIANA, improvements in, 532 et seqq. 
Varor prevents escape of heat by radiation, 172 
condensation of, by snow and ice, 209 
and cloud attracted by mountains, 216, note 
VEGETABLE LIFE, how affected by animals, 83 
VEGETABLES, cultivated European, not indige- 
nous, 2 
acclimation of, 16 
geographical importance of, 42, 44 
meteorological action of, 62, note 
