10 MANUAL OF BOTANY 



usually taken from some well-known genus which is included 

 in any particular order, and which may be regarded as the type 

 of that order. Thus, the genus Ranunculus gives the name 

 BanunculacecB to the order to which it belongs ; the genera 

 Paj^aver, Malva, Hypericum, Geranium, Rosa, Lilium, Orchis, 

 and Iris, in like manner, give names respectively to the orders 

 PajjaveracecE, Malvaccce, HyioericacecB, Gerajiiacece, Rosacece, 

 LiliacecB, OrchidacecB, and Iridacece. At other times the names 

 of the orders are derived from some characteristic feature which 

 the plants included in them present. Thus, the order Cruci- 

 ferce is so named because its plants have cruciate corollas ; the 

 order Leguminosce because the fruit of its members is, with 

 few exceptions, a legume ; the TJmhelliferce are umbel-bearing 

 plants ; the Lahiatce have a labiate corolla ; the Conifer ce are 

 cone-bearing plants; and so on. 



d. Classes. — The names of the classes are derived from 

 some important and permanent characters which the plants 

 comprised in them possess, relating either to their structure or 

 mode of development. Such names vary, however, according 

 to the views of different systematic botanists. Examples of 

 those which have been more commonly used in this coun- 

 try are Mov.ocotyledones and Dicotyledones — terms which 

 are derived from the structure and characters of the reproductive 

 bodies in those classes respectively. The above names are used 

 especially in Natural S^'sten^is of Classification ; while the 

 names of classes in the Artificial System of Linnaeus are derived 

 chiefl}^ from the number and other characters presented by the 

 androecium. 



e. Sub-Jiingdoms, Divisions, dc. — The names of these are 

 generally derived from some well-marked peculiarity of typical 

 forms ; thus we have the Bryophyta or Moss-like plants, the 

 Pte7'idophyta or Fern like plants, the Spermaphyta or plants 

 which produce seeds, sometimes called Phanerogamia because 

 their sporophylls are usually collected into evident flowers. 

 Tlie other sub -divisions are variously named according to the 

 views of different botanists. 



3. Abbeeviations and Symbols. — It is usual in botanical 

 works to use certain abbreviations and sj'mbols. A few of the 

 more important need alone be mentioned here. 



The names of authors, when of more than one syllable, are 

 commonly abbreviated by writing the first letter or syllable, 

 &e., as follows : — 



L. or Linn, means Linnaeus ; Juss. is the abbreviation for 



