20 MANUAL OF BOTANY 



Class 2. EndogencB, or Monocotyledonce. 



^, (Fructification visible, regu- 



Sub-Class 1. Plianerogamce \ ^^^ 



( Fructification hidden, un- 

 % Cnjptogcunm | known, or irregular. 



Sub-Kingdom 2. Cellulares, or Acotyledone^. 



( Having leaf-like expansions, 

 Sub-Class 1. Folios<B | ^^^^ j^^^^^^ ^^^^^^ 



(Having no leaf-like expan- 

 A. jip ly cB I sions, and no known sexes. 



Under these sub-classes De CandoUe arranged 161 Natural 

 Orders. The enumeration of these is unnecessary in an ele- 

 mentary volume ; we shall content ourselves with mentioning a 

 few only, as examples of the different groups. Thus, as exam- 

 ples of TlialamiflorcB — Cruciferae, Caryophylleae, and Malvacese ; 

 of CalyciJioriB — Rosaceae, Umbelliferae, and Compositse ; of(7oroZ- 

 liflorcB — Convolvulaceae, Solanese, and Labiatae ; of Monochla- 

 mydecE — Polygoneae, Urticese, and Amentacese ; oi Phanerogamce 

 — Orchideae, Iridese, and Gramineae ; of Cry2)togamcB—Fi[[ces, 

 Equisetaceae, and Lycopodineae ; oi Folios ce—Musci and Hepa- 

 ticae ; and of yl^^^ZZ^e— Lichenes, Fungi, a,nd Algae. 



In this system it will be observed that De CandoUe adopted 

 the primary divisions of Jussieu, but he reversed the order of 

 their arrangement ; for instead of commencing with Acotyle- 

 dons, and passing through Monocotyledons to Dicotyledons, he 

 began with the latter, and proceeded by the Monocotyledons to 

 Acotyledons. He took a retrograde step in placing the Vascu- 

 lar Cryptogams with the Monocotyledons. 



Since the appearance of De Candolle's system numerous 

 other arrangements have been proposed by botanists, as those 

 of Agardh, Perleb, Dumortier, Bartling, Lindley, Schultz, 

 Endlicher, and many others. The important work of Eobert 

 Brown dates from only a little later than this system of De 

 CandoUe. In 1827 he published his discovery of the direct 

 action of the pollen tube on the nucellus of the ovule in 

 Coniferae and Cycadeae, which were at that time considered 

 to belong to the Dicotyledons. Thus began the division into 

 Gymnosperms and Angiosperms. At first both these were 

 held to be sections of Dicotyledons, and it was not understood 

 that the Gymnosperms were a lower type. As all these systems, 

 with the exception of those of Lindley and Endlicher, were 

 never much used, and are not adopted in great systematic works 



