370 MANUAL OF BOTANY 



getlier unimportant. Dijysacns Fullonum is, however, an 

 important economical species. 



Order 167. CALYCERACEiE, the Calycera Order. — Charac- 



t e r. Herbs. — Leaves alternate, exstipiilate. Flo wers in capitula, 



surromided by an involucre. Calyx superior, irregular, 5-lobed. 

 Corolla epigynous, gamopetalous ; regular, valvate, 5-lobpd. 

 Stamens 5, epipetalous ; filaments monadelphous ; anthers par- 

 tially united. Ovary inferior, 1-celled ; ovule solitary- , pendulous. 

 Fruit indehiscent. Seed solitary, pendulous, with fleshy albu- 

 men ; radicle superior. 



Diagnosis. — These plants hold an intermediate position be- 

 tween Dipsacese and Compositse, being distinguished from the 

 former by their alternate leaves, absence of involucel to their 

 individual florets, valvate aestivation of corolla, monadelphous 

 filaments, and partially united anthers ; and from the Compositse 

 in their anthers being only partially miited, and in their pendu- 

 lous albummous seed, and superior radicle. 



I)ist7'ihution and Numbers. — Exclusively natives of South 

 America, especially the cooler parts. Illustrative Genera : — 

 Calycera, Cavan.; Leucocarpus, Don. There are about 20 

 species. 



Properties and Uses. — Unknown. 



Order 168. Composit.e, the Composite Order. — Character. 

 Herbs or shrubs. Leaves alternate or opposite, exstipulate. 

 Floivers (florets) hermaphrodite, unisexual, or neuter, arranged 

 in capitula, which are commonh' surrounded by an involucre 

 formed of a number of imbricate bracts (j)hyllaries) ; the 

 separate florets are also frequently furnished with membranous 

 or scale-like bractlets (jjalce). Cajjitula developing sucessively 

 in a centrifugal order. Calyx superior, its limb either entirely 

 abortive or membranous ; in the latter case it is entire, toothed, 

 or pappose— that is, divided into bristles, or simple, branched, 

 or feathery hair-like processes. Corolla epigynous, gamo- 

 petalous, tubular, ligulate, or bilabiate, 4 — 5 -toothed, with a 

 valvate aestivation. Stamens 5 or rarely 4, inserted on the 

 corolla, and altsrnate with its divisions ; filaments distinct or 

 monadelphous ; anthers -united into a tube (syngenesious), 

 which is perforated by the style and stigmas. Ovary inferior, 

 bicarpellary, 1-celled, with 1 erect ovule ; style 1, undivided 

 below, and commonly- bifid above ; stigmas 2, one bemg 

 usually placed on the inner surface or margin of each division 

 of the style. Fruit a cypsela, diy, indehiscent, l-celled. 



