374 MANUAL OF BOTANY 



Of these sub-orders the Liguliflorae is the best defined. 



By Benthain and Hooker the Compositse are divided into 

 thirteen tribes. 



Distribution and N ambers. — Universally distributed ; but 

 the Tubulittorae are most abundant in hot climates, and the 

 Ligulitlorae in cold. The Labiatiflorae are almost entirely con- 

 fined to the extra-tropical regions of South America. In the 

 northern parts of the world tl\e plants of this order are 

 universally herbaceous ; but in South America, and some other 

 parts of the southern hemisphere, they occasionally become 

 shrubb}", or even in some cases arborescent. Lindley calculated 

 the order to contain about 9,000 species ; but Bentham and 

 Hooker have reduced it to about 1,000 genera and 8,000 species. 



Properties and Uses. — The properties of the Compositae 

 are very variable. A bitter principle pervades the greater 

 number of the species in a more or less evident degree, 

 by which they are rendered tonic. Some are laxative and 

 anthelmintic. Many contain a volatile oil, which communicates 

 aromatic, carminative, and diaphoretic properties. Others are 

 acrid stinaulants, and the Ligulifiora; commonly abound in a 

 bitter- tasting milky juice, which is sometimes narcotic. 



Cohorts. — Campanales. 



Order 169. Stylidiace^, the Style wort Order. — Character 

 Herbs or undershrabs, not milky. Leaves exstipulate. 

 Calyx superior, with from 2 to 6 divisions, persistent. Corolla^ 

 with from 5 to 6 divisions ; cEstivation imbricate. Stamens 2, 

 gynandrous. Ovary 2-celled, or rarely 1-celled ; style forming a 

 column with tlie filaments ; stigma without an indusium. Fi'uit 

 capsular. Seeds albuminous. 



Distribution and Numbers. — They are chiefly found in the 

 swamps of Australia. Illustrative Genera : — Stylidium, Swartz ; 

 Forstera, Linn.Jil. There are about 120 species. 



Properties and Uses. — Unlvnown. 



Order 170. Goodeniace^, the Ooodenia Order. — Charac- 

 ter. — Herbs, or rarely shrubs, not milky. Leaves exstipulate. 

 Flowers never collected into heads. Calyx generally superior, 

 with from 3 to 5 divisions, occasionally inferior. Corolla irre- 

 gidar, 5-parted ; cestivation induplicate. Stamens 5; filaments 

 distinct ; anthers distinct or united. Ovary 1, 2, or rarely 

 4-celled ; placenta free central ; style 1 ; stigma suiTOunded by 

 a hairy ring or somewhat cup -shaped expansion of the upper 



