January— February iSSS. 



PSYCHE. 



ficient for accurate experiment, we find 

 that these pyrenomycetous fungi have 

 been found in one or more of their 

 stages, spontaneous or as a consequence 

 of experiment, on various hymenoptera, 

 — vesptdae., sphegidae^ for?nlcidae., 

 iehneumonidae, — on larvae oi Papllio, 

 Pierisi Anthocharis, Liparis^ sphin- 

 gidae, bonibycidae (especially the 

 silkworm and Gastropacha rzibi)., noc- 

 tuidae., and tineidae among the lepido- 

 ptera, — on dipterous pupae, — on adult 

 or larval carabidae ( Calathus) , staphy- 

 linidac, coccinellidae., melolonthidae 

 {^Anisoplia and Lachnosternd) ., and 

 other lamellicorns, — on larvae of Tetie- 

 brio ?)iolitor., Saperda., and Btiprestis., 

 — on rhynchophora^ including espec- 

 ially Cleonus larvae and Apion. Va- 

 rious orthoptera have been found sub- 

 ject to them, — hemipterous insects, — a 

 Cicada., and several coccidae (infested 

 by Sphaerostilbe coccogena)^ — and, 

 finally, Mygale., Epeira., and Phalan- 

 gium among the arach?iida. 



The Botrytis and Isaria stages are 

 remarkable for the number of insect 

 species which each fungus species may 

 infest, — differing sometimes as widely 

 as \2iX\2\tenebrionidae and bombycidae. 

 The fact also that they are not strictly 

 dependent upon living insects as the 

 basis of their growth, but may, at least 

 in the Botrytis stage, germinate and 

 form their spherical conidia on moist 

 surfaces elsewhere, makes them espe- 

 cially effective agents of contagion. 



Among the most valuable papers on 

 this topic are those by Turpin and by 

 Audouin (Ann. sc. nat. ; Zool., 1837, 

 v. 8; and Co?nptes retidus^ 1836, p. 



170) ; those by Vittadini (Giorn. Insti- 

 tut. lombard., V. 3, p. 143) ; by DeBary 

 {Botanische Zeitschrift., 1867 and 

 1869) ; and by Metschnikoff' {Zoolo- 

 gische anzeiger^ 1880, p. 44). 



The American contributions are 

 descriptions of species by Ravenel 

 (Linntean transactions, 1856, p. 159) ; 

 descriptions and biological notes by 

 Peck (N. Y state mus. repts. for 1875 

 and 1879) ; a description by Peck of a 

 new genus and species of fungus allied 

 to Cordyceps {Appendicularia) infest- 

 ing Drosophila (vScience, v. 4, p. 

 35) ; various notes on the prevalence 

 of Cordyceps tnelolonthae Tub, on 

 white grubs — including a mention and 

 figure of this fungus as a new species 

 ( Tomibia eIo?igata Riley) — in an 

 agricultural weekly ; a general article 

 by Riley, on Cordyceps (Amer. entom., 

 1S80, V. 3, p. 137); a note by Riley, 

 (Rept. U. S. commiss. agr., 1883, p. 

 1 19) reporting the occurrence of sponta- 

 neous muscardineon Plusiarimosella — 

 the same article containing the descrip- 

 tion of Botrytis rileyi by Dr Farlow ; 

 and, finally, an illustrated note on a 

 coccid parasite belonging to Cordyceps., 

 by Zabriskie, in the New York journal 

 of microscopy (Vol. i, 18S6, p. 89). 

 Additional minor memoranda will be 

 found in the bibliographical list given 

 with this paper. 



The insect diseases which are prob- 

 ably most commonly noticed are those 

 due to the entomophthoreae ; nine tenths 

 of the adult and larval insects found 

 dead and stiff" on fences, weeds, grass, 

 etc., in ordinary collecting, being, 

 according to my observation, victims of 



