CONCLUSIONS TO BE DRAWN FROM FOSSILS. 53 
we know that it is “lacustrine,” and was deposited beneath 
the waters of a former lake. Thirdly, if the bed contain the 
remains of animals such as now people the ocean, we know 
that it is ‘“‘ marine” in its origin, and that it is a fragment of 
an old sea-bottom. 
We can, however, often determine the conditions under 
which a bed was deposited with greater accuracy than this. 
If, for example, the fossils are of kinds resembling the marine 
animals now inhabiting shallow waters, if they are accompanied 
by the detached relics of terrestrial organisms, or if they are 
partially rolled and broken, we may conclude that the fossil- 
iferous deposit was laid down in a shallow sea, in the immediate 
vicinity of a coast-line, or as an actual shore-deposit. If, again, 
the remains are those of animals such as now live in the deeper 
parts of the ocean, and there is a very sparing intermixture of 
extraneous fossils (such as the bones of birds or quadrupeds, 
or the remains of plants), we may presume that the deposit is 
one of deep water. In other cases, we may find, scattered 
through the rock, and still in their natural position, the valves 
of shells such as we know at the present day as living buried 
in the sand or mud of the sea-shore or of estuaries. In other 
cases, the bed may obviously have been an ancient coral-reef, 
or an accumulation of social shells, like Oysters. Lastly, if we 
find the deposit to contain the remains of marine shells, but 
that these are dwarfed of their fair proportions and distorted 
in figure, we may conclude that it was laid down in a brackish 
sea, such as the Baltic, in which the proper saltness was want- 
ing, owing to its receiving an excessive supply of fresh water. 
In the preceding, we have been dealing simply with the 
remains of aquatic animals, and we have seen that certain con- 
clusions can be accurately reached by an examination of these. 
As regards the determination of the conditions of deposition 
from the remains of aerial and terrestrial animals, or from 
plants, there is not such an absolute certainty. ‘The remains 
of land-animals would, of course, occur in ‘“ sub-aerial ” deposits 
—that is, in beds, like blown sand, accumulated upon the land. 
Most of the remains of land-animals, however, are found in 
deposits which have been laid down in water, and they owe 
their present position to the fact that their former owners were 
drowned in rivers or lakes, or carried out to sea by streams. 
Birds, Flying Reptiles, and Flying Mammals might also simi- 
larly find their way into aqueous deposits; but it is to be re- 
membered that many birds and mammals habitually spend a 
great part of their time in the water, and that these might there- 
fore be naturally expected to present themselves as fossils in 
